Skip to main content

Not My Family: Understanding the Prevalence and Impact of Racism Beyond Individualistic Experiences

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Indigenous Children Growing Up Strong

Abstract

A substantial amount of national and international research addresses the topic of racism but there remains a limited literature base as to how it may be experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This chapter uses LSIC data which explore parental perceptions of racism. Specific variables include the data captured by LSIC questions on parents’ interpersonal experiences of racism, their experiences of racism experienced within the family, and of their child being treated unfairly because of their Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander background. These perceptions are then mapped across varying situational contexts (including varying levels of relative disadvantage and remoteness), and investigated for racism associations with socio, cultural, and emotional wellbeing (e.g., depression, health, and cultural engagement). The results suggest the negative impact of racism is not only concentrated on lower levels of mental and physical health of the parents, but this impact is not limited to direct individual experiences of racism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allport, G.W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Basic books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamblett, M., J. Harrison, and P. Lewis. 2010. Proving Culture and Voice Works: Towards Creating the Evidence Base for Resilient Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children. Australia. International Journal of Child and Family Welfare 13: 98–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J.A. 1999. The Cognitive Monster: The Case against the Controllability of Automatic Stereotype Effects. In Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology, ed. S. Chaiken and Y. Trope. New York: The Gilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrendt, L. 2015. The Dialogue of Intervention. In The Intervention: An Anthology, ed. R. Scott and A. Heiss, 64–74. Sydney: Griffin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Finding Eliza: Power and Colonial Storytelling. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, B. 2014. How Do Light-Skinned Aboriginal Australians Experience Racism?: Implications for Social Work. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 10(2): 180–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyond Blue. 2014. Discrimination Against Indigenous Australians: A Snapshot of the Views of Non-Indigenous People Aged 25–44. Published Online: Beyond Blue Pty Ltd. Accessed 23 December 2016. https://www.beyondblue.org.au/docs/default-source/research-project-files/bl1337-report---tns-discriminationagainst-indigenous-australians.pdf?sfvrsn=2

  • Bielefeld, S., and J. Altman. 2015. Australia’s First Peoples—Still Struggling for Protection Against Racial Discrimination. Perspectives on the Racial Discrimination Act: Papers from the 40 Years of the Racial Discrimination Act Conference Proceedings: 196–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodkin-Andrews, G.H., V. O’Rourke, R. Grant, N. Denson, and R.G. Craven. 2010a. Validating Racism and Cultural Respect? Understanding the Educational Impact of Perceived Discrimination and Multiculturation for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Students. Educational Research and Evaluation 16(6): 471–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodkin-Andrews, G.H., M. Seaton, G.F. Nelson, R.G. Craven, and A.S. Yeung. 2010b. Questioning the General Self-Esteem Vaccine: General Self-Esteem, Racial Discrimination, and Standardised Achievement across Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Students. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 20(1): 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodkin-Andrews, G.H., Y. Paradies, R. Parada, N. Denson, N. Priest, and P. Bansel. 2012. Theory and Research on Bullying and Racism from an Aboriginal Australian Perspective. Joint Australian Association for Research in Education and Asia-Pacific Educational Research Association Conference. Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodkin-Andrews, G.H., and R. Craven. 2013. Negotiating Racism: The Voices of Aboriginal Australian Post-Graduate Students. In Diversity in Higher Education: Seeding Success in Indigenous Australian Higher Education, ed. R. Craven and J. Mooney, 157–185. Emerald Insight.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodkin-Andrews, G.H., and B. Carlson. 2014. The Legacy of Racism and Indigenous Australian Identity Within Education. Race Ethnicity and Education (Ahead-of-Print), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. 2014. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. 4th ed. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T.N. 2003. Critical Race Theory Speaks to the Sociology of Mental Health: Mental Health Problems Produced By Racial Stratification. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44: 292–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, B. 2016. The Politics of Identity: Who Counts as Aboriginal Today? Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Y., and M. Augoustinos. 2015. What’s in a Name? Lateral Violence within the Aboriginal Community in Adelaide, South Australia. Office Bearers of the APS College of Community Psychologists 27(2): 19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J. 2011. “Make Them Stop It”: What Aboriginal Children and Youth in Australia Are Saying About Bullying. First Peoples Child & Family Review 6(1): 83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craven, R.G., and G. Bodkin-Andrews. 2006. New Solutions for Addressing Indigenous Mental Health: A Call to Counsellors to Introduce the New Positive Psychology of Success. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 16(1): 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, J., and Y.C. Paradies. 2013. Patterns and Correlates of Self-Reported Racial Discrimination Among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Adults, 2008–09: Analysis of National Survey Data. International Journal for Equity in Health 12(1): 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Maio, J.A., S.R. Zubrick, S.R. Silburn, et al. 2005. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: Measuring the Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Intergenerational Effects of Forced Separation. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixson, A.D., and C.K. Rousseau. 2005. And We Are Still Not Saved: Critical Race Theory in Education Ten Years Later. Race Ethnicity and Education 8(1): 7–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobia, B., G. Bodkin-Andrews, R. Parada, et al. 2014. Aboriginal Girls Circle Enhancing Connectedness and Promoting Resilience for Aboriginal Girls—Final Pilot Report. Penrith: University of Western Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, C. Jr. 2008. Critical Race Theory and Indigenous Methodologies. In Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, ed. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, 85–99. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, G.A. 2005. Critical Race Ethnography in Education: Narrative, Inequality and the Problem of Epistemology. Race Ethnicity and Education 8(1): 93–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, K., and J.K. Nelson. 2011. Challenging the Public Denial of Racism for a Deeper Multiculturalism. Journal of Intercultural Studies 32(6): 587–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, K.M., J. Forrest, R. Pe-Pua, M. Hynes, and K. Maeder-Han. 2009. Cities of Race Hatred? The Spheres of Racism and Anti-Racism In Contemporary Australian Cities. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Essed, P. 1990. Everyday Racism: Reports from Women of Two Cultures. Canada: Huner House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferdinand, A., Y. Paradies, and M. Kelaher. 2013. Mental Health Impacts of Racial Discrimination in Victorian Aboriginal Communities: The Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) Experiences of Racism Survey. Melbourne: The Lowitja Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollinsworth, D. 2006. Race and Racism in Australia. Melbourne: Thomson Social Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D. 2002. Family, Friends and Teachers: Why Indigenous Students Stay At or Leave School. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 30(2): 8–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. 1997. Bringing Them Home: National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children and Their Families. Sydney: Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kickett-Tucker, C. 2009. Moorn (Black)? Djardak (White)? How Come I Don’t Fit in Mum?: Exploring the Racial Identity of Australian Aboriginal Children and Youth. Health Sociology Review 18(1): 119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kukutai, T., and M. Walter. 2015. Recognition and Indigenizing Official Statistics: Reflections from Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Statistical Journal of the IAOS 31(2): 317–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. 1998. Just What Is Critical Race Theory and What’s It Doing in a Nice Field Like Education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 11(1): 7–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, A., M. Gillies, P.J. Howard, and J. Coffin. 2007. It’s Enough to Make You Sick: The Impact of Racism on the Health of Aboriginal Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31(4): 322–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, J. 2000. ‘Evaluative Research into the Office of the Board of Studies’, Aboriginal Careers Aspiration Program for Aboriginal Students in NSW High Schools. Board of Studies (NSW): Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMorris, G. 1998. Critical Race Theory, Cognitive Psychology, and the Social Meaning of Race: Why individualism Will Not Solve Racism. UMKC L. Review 67: 695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, S., and E. Partridge. 2014. Agonism and Intersectionality: Indigenous Women, Violence and Feminist Collective Identity. In Intersectionality and Social Change (Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change), ed. L.M. Woehrle, Vol. 37, 27–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K.L. 2008. Please Knock Before You Enter: Aboriginal Regulation of Outsiders and the Implications for Researchers. Brisbane: Post Pressed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, D. 2003. Contemporary Racism in Australia: The Experiences of Aborigines. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29(4): 474–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Responses to Racism: A Taxonomy of Coping Styles Used by Aboriginal Australians. Australian Journal of Orthopsychiatry 74(1): 56–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreton-Robinson, A. 2015. The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). 2003. Values and Ethics: Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research. The Commonwealth of Australia. Accessed 29 December 2016. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e52.pdf

  • Paradies, Y. 2016. Colonisation, Racism and Indigenous Health. Journal of Population Research 33(1): 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paradies, Y., and J. Cunningham. 2009. Experiences of Racism Among Urban Indigenous Australians: Findings from the DRUID Study. Ethnic and Racial Studies 32(3): 548–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paradies, Y., R. Harris, and I. Anderson. 2008. The Impact of Racism on Indigenous Health in Australia and Aotearoa: Towards a Research Agenda. Discussion Paper Series no.4. Darwin: CRCAH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, A., and I. Walker. 1997. Prejudice against Australian Aborigines: Old-Fashioned and Modern Forms. European Journal of Social Psychology 27: 561–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, A., P. Dudgeon, S. Watt, and B. Griffiths. 2006. Attitudes Toward Indigenous Australians: The Issue of “Special Treatment”. Australian Psychologist 41(2): 85–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link, and J.F. Dovidio. 2008. Stigma and Prejudice: One Animal or Two? Social Science and Medicine 67(3): 358–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, N., Y. Paradies, M. Stevens, and R. Bailie. 2010. Exploring Relationships Between Racism, Housing and Child Illness in Remote Indigenous Communities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 66(5): 440–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, N., Y. Paradies, S. Cairney, W. Gunthorpe, and S. Sayers. 2011a. Racism as a Determinant of Social and Emotional Wellbeing for Aboriginal Youth. Medical Journal of Australia 194(10): 546–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, N., R. Perry, A. Ferdinand, Y. Paradies, and M. Kelaher. 2014. Experiences of Racism, Racial/Ethnic Attitudes, Motivated Fairness and Mental Health Outcomes Among Primary and Secondary School Students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43(10): 1672–1687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranzijn, R., K. McConnochie, and W. Nolan. 2009. Psychology and Indigenous Australians: Foundations of Cultural Competence. South Yarra, Australia: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, L., and M. Genner. 2011. Bemel-Gardoo: Embedding Aboriginal Cultural Content in the Science and Technology Syllabus. Two Way Teaching and Learning: 119–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanson, A., M. Augoustinos, H. Gridley, M. Kyrios, J. Reser, and C. Turner. 1998. Racism and Prejudice: An Australian Psychological Society Position Paper. Australian Psychologist 33(3): 161–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheurich, J.J., and M.D. Young. 1997. Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased? Educational Researcher: 4–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, M.T., and N.R. Branscombe. 2002. The Meaning and Consequences of Perceived Discrimination in Disadvantaged and Privileged Social Groups. European Review of Social Psychology 12(1): 167–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision). 2014. Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2014. Canberra: Productivity Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, T.C., J. Blick, J. Coffin, P. Dudgeon, S. Forrest, and D. Morrison. 2013. Comparative Validation of Self-Report Measures of Negative Attitudes Towards Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. Rural and Remote Health 13(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L.T. 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New York: Zed books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Maddox, R., and D.G. Solórzano. 2002. Using Critical Race Theory, Paulo Freire’s Problem-Posing Method, and Case Study Research to Confront Race and Racism in Education. Qualitative Inquiry 8(1): 66–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, M., and Y. Paradies. 2014. Changes in Exposure to ‘Life Stressors’ in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2002 to 2008. BMC Public Health 14(1): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B.G., and L.S. Fidell. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicary, D., and T. Westernman. 2004. ‘That’s Just the Way He Is’: Some Implications of Aboriginal Mental Health Beliefs. Australian e-Journal of the Advancement of Mental Health 3(3): 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J., H. Gridley, and E. Sampson. 2012. Facing a World of No: How Accessible is a Career in Psychology for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians? Australian Community Psychologist 24(2): 143–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, I. 1994. Attitudes to Minorities: Survey Evidence of Western Australians’ Attitudes to Aborigines, Asians, and Women. Australian Journal of Psychology 46: 137–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T. 2015. The State of Free Speech within Australia. Policy: A Journal of Public Policy and Ideas 31(1): 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, M., and C. Andersen. 2013. Indigenous Statistics: A Quantitative Research Methodology. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, M., and K. Butler. 2013. Teaching Race to Teach Indigeneity. Journal of Sociology 49(4): 397–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton, J., N. Priest, E. Kowal, et al. 2014. Talking Culture? Egalitarianism, Color-Blindness and Racism in Australian Elementary Schools. Teaching and Teacher Education 39: 112–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zamudio, M., C. Russell, F. Rios, and J.L. Bridgeman. 2011. Critical Race Theory Matters: Education and Ideology. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziersch, A.M., G. Gallaher, F. Baum, and M. Bentley. 2011. Responding to Racism: Insights on How Racism Can Damage Health from an Urban Study of Australian Aboriginal People. Social Science and Medicine 73(7): 1045–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zubrick, S.R., S.R. Silburn, D.M. Lawrence, et al. 2005. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: Forced Separation from Natural Family, Forced Relocation from Traditional Country or Homeland, and Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bodkin-Andrews, G., Lovelock, R., Paradies, Y., Denson, N., Franklin, C., Priest, N. (2017). Not My Family: Understanding the Prevalence and Impact of Racism Beyond Individualistic Experiences. In: Walter, M., Martin, K., Bodkin-Andrews, G. (eds) Indigenous Children Growing Up Strong. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53435-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53435-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-53434-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-53435-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics