Abstract
It is well known that UV radiation can cause deleterious effects to the physiological performance, growth and species assemblages of marine primary producers. In this review we describe the range of interactions observed between these impacts of ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) with other environmental factors such as the availability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), nutrient status and levels of dissolved CO2, all of which can, in turn, be influenced by global climate change. Thus, increases in CO2 levels can affect the sensitivity of some species to UV-B radiation (UV-B), while others show no such impact on UV-B susceptibility. Both nitrogen- and phosphorus-limitation can have direct interactive effects on the susceptibility of algal cells and communities to UVR, though such effects are somewhat variable. Nutrient depletion can also potentially lead to a dominance of smaller celled species, which may be less able to screen out and are thus likely to be more susceptible to UVR-induced damage. The variability of responses to such interactions can lead to alterations in the species composition of algal assemblages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. A. Raven, P. G. Falkowski, Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO2Plant, Cell Environ. 1999 22 741–755.
M. J. Behrenfeld, R. T. O’Malley, D. A. Siegel, C. R. McClain, J. L. Sarmiento, G. C. Feldman, A. J. Milligan, P. G. Falkowski, R. M. Letelier, E. S. Boss, Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity Nature 2006 444 752–755.
S. Doney, The dangers of ocean acidification Sci. Am. 2006 294 58–65.
D.-P. Häder, H. D. Kumar, R. C. Smith, R. C. Worrest, Effects of solar UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2007 6 267–285.
J. Beardall, J. A. Raven, The potential effects of global climate change on microalgal photosynthesis, growth and ecology Phycologia 2004 43 26–40.
J. Beardall, S. Stojkovic, Microalgae under global environmental change: implications for growth and productivity, populations and trophic flow Science Asia 2006 32(s1) 1–10.
J. W. Harrison, R. E. H. Smith, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the productivity and composition of freshwater phytoplankton communities Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2009 10.1039/b902604e.
S. Burkhardt, U. Riebesell, CO2 availability affects elemental composition (C:N:P) of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1997 155 67–76.
S. Burkhardt, I. Zondervan I, U. Riebesell, Effect of CO2 concentration on C:N:P ratio in marine phytoplankton: a species comparison Limnol. Oceanogr. 1999 44 683–90.
U. Riebesell, U. A. T. Revill, D. G. Holfsworth, J. K. Volkman, The effect of varying CO2 concentration on lipid composition and carbon isotope fractionation in Emiliania huxleyi Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000 64 4179–92.
K. A. Hughen, J. T. Overpeck, L. C. Peterson, S. Trumbore, Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation Nature 1996 380 51–54.
D. L. Hartmann, D.L.J. M. Wallace, J. M. V. Limpasuvan, V. D. W. J. Thompson, J. R. Holton, Can ozone depletion and global warming interact to produce rapid climate change? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000 97 1412–1417.
W. F. Vincent, S. Roy, Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and aquatic primary production: damage, protection, and recovery Environ. Rev. 1993 1 1–12.
M. J. Behrenfeld, D. R. S. Lean, H. Lee, Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on inorganic nitrogen uptake by natural assemblages of oceanic plankton J. Phycol. 1995 31 25–36.
D. O. Hessen, E. Van Donk, T. Anderson, Growth responses, P-uptake and loss of flagella in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to UVB J. Plankton Res. 1995 17 17–27.
D. Karentz, J. E. Cleaver, D. L. Mitchell, Cell survival characteristics and molecular responses of Antarctic phytoplankton to ultraviolet-B radiation J. Phycol. 1991 27 326–341.
W. W. C. Gieskes, A. G. J. Buma, UV damage to plant life in a photobiologically dynamic environment: the case of marine phytoplankton Plant Ecol. 1997 128 17–25.
A. G. J. Buma, T. van Oijen, W. van de Poll, M. J. W. Veldhuis, W. W. L. Gieskes, The sensitivity of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) to ultraviolet-B radiation J. Phycol. 2000 36 296–303.
A. G. J. Buma, E. W. Helbling, M. K. de Boer, V. E. Villafane, Patterns of DNA damage and photoinhibition in temperate South-Atlantic picophytoplankton exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 2001 62 9–18.
E. W. Helbling, A. G. J. Buma, M. K. de Boer, V. E. Villafane, In situ impact of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and DNA in temperate marine phytoplankton Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001 211 43–49.
UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, ed. H. Helbling and H. Zagarese, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge2003.
W. F. Vincent and P. J. Neale, Mechanisms of UV damage to aquatic organisms, in The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment, ed. S. de Mora, S. Demers and M. Vernet, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 149–176.
M. P. Lesser, J. J. Cullen, J. J P. J. Neale, Carbon uptake in a marine diatom during acute exposure to ultraviolet B radiation: Relative importance of damage and repair J. Phycol. 1994 30 183–192.
P. J. Neale, Spectral weighting functions for quantifying the effects of ultraviolet radiation in marine ecosystems, in Effects of UV Radiation on the Marine Environment, ed. S. J. De Mora, S. Demers and M. Vernet, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 73–100.
P. Heraud, P. J. Beardall, J. Changes, in chlorophyll fluorescence during exposure of Dunaliella tertiolecta to ultraviolet radiation exposure indicate a dynamic interaction between damage and repair processes Photosynth. Res. 2000 63 123–134.
J. Rozema, L. O. Björn, J. F. Bornman, A. Gaberščik, D.-P. Häder, T. Trošt, M. Gšerm, M. Klish, A. Gröniger, R. P. Sinha, M. Lebert, Y. Y. He, R. Buffoni-Hall, N. V. J. de Bakker, J. van de Staaij, B. B. Meijkamp, The role of UVB radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems–an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 2002 66 2–12.
W. H. Van de Poll, P. J. Janknegt, M. A. van Leeuwe, R. J. W. Visser, A. G. J. Buma, Excessive irradiance and antioxidant responses of an Antarctic marine diatom exposed to iron limitation and to dynamic irradiance J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 2009 94 32–37.
J. Beardall, S. Roberts, E. Young, Approaches for determining phytoplankton nutrient limitation Aquat. Sci. 2001 63 44–69.
J. Beardall, A. Allen, J. Bragg, Z. V. Finkel, K. J. Flynn, A. Quigg, T. A. V. Rees, A. J. Richardson, J. A. Raven, Allometry and stoichiometry of unicellular, colonial and multicellular phytoplankton New Phytol. 2009 181 295–309.
F. Garcia-Pichell, A model for internal self-shading in planktonic organisms and its implications for the usefulness of ultraviolet sunscreens Limnol. Oceanogr. 1994 39 1704–1717.
J. A. Raven, Responses of aquatic photosynthetic organisms to increased solar UVB J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 1991 9 239–244.
R. Sommaruga, Y. Chen, Z. Liu, Multiple strategies of bloom-forming Microcystis to minimize damage by solar ultraviolet radiation in surface waters Microb. Ecol. 2009 57 667–674.
J. A. Raven, Small is beautiful. The picophytoplankton Funct. Ecol. 1998 12 503–513.
L. Bopp, O. Aumont, P. Cadule, S. Alvain, M. Gehlen, Response of diatoms distribution to global warming and potential implications: A global model study Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005 32 L19606.
A. Bakun, Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling Science 1990 247 198–201.
T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, C. Sweeney, A. Poisson, N. Metzl, B. Tilbrook, N. Bates, R. Wanninkhof, R. A. Feely, C. Sabine, J. Olafsson, Y. C. Nojiri, Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2002 49 1601–1622.
J. B. Reiskind, S. Beer, G. Bowes, Photosynthesis, photorespiration and ecophysiological interactions in marine macroalgae Aquat. Bot. 1989 34 131–152.
R. G. Zepp, D. J. Erickson, III, N. D. Paul, B. Sulzberger, Interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on biogeochemical cycling Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2007 6 286–300.
C. Sobrino, M. L. Ward, P. J. Neale, Acclimation to elevated CO2 and ultraviolet radiation in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: Effects on growth, photosynthesis and spectral sensitivity of photoinhibition Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008 53 494–505.
C. Sobrino, P. J. Neale, L. M. Lubián, Interaction of UV radiation and inorganic carbon supply in the inhibition of photosynthesis: Spectral and temporal responses of two marine picoplankters Photochem. Photobiol. 2005 81 384–393.
J. Beardall, P. Heraud, S. Roberts, K. Shelly, S. Stojkovic, Effects of UVB radiation on inorganic carbon acquisition by the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) Phycologia 2002 41 268–272.
M. Giordano, J. Beardall, J. A. Raven, CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation and evolution Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2005 56 99–131.
J. Beardall, M. Giordano, Ecological implications of microalgal and cyanobacterial CCMs and their regulation Funct. Plant Biol. 2002 29 335–347.
P. D. Tortell, G. H. Rau, F. M. M. Morel, Inorganic carbon acquisition in coastal Pacific phytoplankton communities Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000 45 1485–1500.
P. D. Tortell, F. M. M. Morel, Sources of inorganic carbon for phytoplankton in the eastern Subtropical and Equatorial Pacific Ocean Limnol. Oceanogr 2002 47 1012–1022.
J. Beardall, J. A. Raven, The potential effects of global climate change on microalgal photosynthesis, growth and ecology, Phycologia 204 26-40.
J. A. Raven, Physiology of inorganic C acquisition and implications for resource use efficiency by marine phytoplankton: Relation to increased CO2 and temperature Plant, Cell Environ. 1991 14 779–794.
J. E. Kübler, A. M. Johnston, J. A. Raven, The effects of reduced and elevated CO2 and O2 on the seaweed Lomentaria articulata Plant, Cell Environ. 1999 22 1303–1310.
J. M. Mercado, F. J. L. Gordillo, F. L. Figueroa, F. X. Niell, External carbonic anhydrase and affinity for inorganic carbon in intertidal macroalgae J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1998 221 209–220.
A. Israel, M. Hophy, Growth, photosynthetic properties and RUBISCO activies and amounts of marine macroalgae grown under current and elevated seawater CO2 concentrations Global Change Biol. 2002 8 831–840.
S. Collins, D. Sultemeyer, G. Bell, Changes in C uptake in populations of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii selected at high CO2Plant, Cell Environ. 2006 29 1812–1819.
P. J. Neale, R. F. Davis, J. J. Cullen, Interactive effects of ozone depletion and vertical mixing on photosynthesis of Antarctic phytoplankton Nature 1998 392 585–589.
A. T. Banaszak, P. J. Neale, UV sensitivity of photosynthesis in phytoplankton from an estuarine environment Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001 46 592–600.
P. J. Neale, E. Litchman, C. Sobrino, C. Callieri, G. Morabito, V. Montecino, Y. Huot, P. Bossard, C. Lehmann, D. Steiner, Quantifying the response of phytoplankton photosynthesis to ultraviolet radiation: biological weighting functions versus in situ measurements in two Swiss lakes Aquat. Sci. 2001 63 265–285.
K. Gao, Y. Wu, G. Li, H. Wu, V. E. Villafañe, E. W. Helbling, Solar UV Radiation Drives CO2 Fixation in Marine Phytoplankton: A Double-Edged Sword Plant Physiol. 2007 144 54–59.
J. A. Raven, Putting the C in Phycology Eur. J. Phycol. 1997 32 319–333.
M. R. Badger, T. J. Andrews, S. M. Whitney, M. Ludwig, D. C. Yellowlees, W. Leggat, G. D. Price, The diversity and co-evolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids and chloroplast-based CCMs in the algae Can. J. Bot. 1998 76 1052–1071.
J. Beardall, A. M. Johnston, J. A. Raven, Environmental regulation of the CO2 concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria and microalgae Can. J. Bot. 1998 76 1010–1017.
J. Beardall, J. A. Raven, Transport of inorganic carbon and the “CO2 concentrating mechanism” in Chlorella emersonii (Chlorophyceae) J. Phycol. 1981 17 134–141.
K. Palmqvist, L.-G. Sundblad, G. Wingsle, G. Samuelsson, Acclimation of photosynthetic light reactions during induction of inorganic carbon accumulation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Plant Physiol. 1990 94 357–366.
J. H. A. Nugent, S. Purton, M. C. W. Evans, Oxygenic photosynthesis in algae and cyanobacteria: electron transfer in photosystems I and II Adv. Photosynth. Respir. 2003 14 133–156.
Y. Song, B. Qiu, The CO2-concentrating mechanism in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) and effects of UVB radiation on its operation J. Phycol. 2007 43 957–964.
H. Wu, K. Gao, Ultraviolet radiation stimulated activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum Funct. Plant Biol. 2009 36 137–143.
C. Sobrino, P. J. Neale, J. D. Phillips-Kress, R. E. Moeller, J. A. Porter, Elevated CO2 increases sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in lacustrine phytoplankton assemblages Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, in press
P. D. Tortell, G. H. Rau, F. M. M. Morel, Inorganic carbon acquisition in coastal Pacific phytoplankton communities Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000 45 1485–1500.
K. Aizawa, S. Miyachi, Carbonic anhydrase and CO2 concentrating mechanisms in microalgae and cyanobacteria FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1986 39 215–233.
I. Berman-Frank, J. Erez, A. Kaplan, Changes in inorganic carbon uptake during the progression of a dinoflagellate bloom in a lake ecosystem Can. J. Bot. 1998 76 1043–1051.
E. Litchman, P. J. Neale, A. T. Banaszak, Increased sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in nitrogen-limited dinoflagellates: photoprotection and repair Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002 47 86–94.
M. Surpin, R. M. Larkin, J. Chory, Signal Transduction between the chloroplast and the nucleus Plant Cell 2002 14 327–338.
D. H. Zou, K. S. Gao, Z. X. Run, Daily, timing of emersion and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration affect photosynthetic performance of the intertidal macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chorophyta) in sunlight Bot. Mar. 2007 50 275–279.
K. Swanson, C. H. Fox, Altered kelp (Laminariales) phlorotannins and growth under elevated carbon dioxide and ultraviolet-B treatments can influence associated intertidal food webs Global Change Biol. 2007 13 1696–1709.
V. E. Villafañe, K. Sundbäck, F. L. Figueroa and E. W. Helbling, Photosynthesis in the aquatic environment as affected by ultraviolet radiation, in UV effects in aquatic organisms and ecosystems, ed. E. W. Helbling and H. Zagarese, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 357–397.
M. J. Behrenfeld, H. Lee, L. F. Small, Interactions between nutritional status and long-term responses of ultraviolet-B radiation stress in a marine diatom Mar. Biol. 1994 118 523–530.
A. Veen, M. Reuvers, P. Roncak, Effects of acute and chronic UVB exposure on a green alga: a continuous culture study using a computer-control dynamic light regime Plant Ecol. 1997 128 29–40.
K. Shelly, P. Heraud, J. Beardall, Nitrogen limitation in Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Chlorophyceae) leads to increased susceptibility to damage by ultraviolet-B radiation but also increased repair capacity J. Phycol. 2002 38 713–720.
K. Shelly, Interactions between UVB radiation and nutrient-limitation in a marine microalga, PhD thesis, Monash University, 2005.
Y. Zheng, K. Gao, Impacts of solar UV radiation on the photosynthesis, growth and UV-absorbing compounds in Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) grown at different nitrate concentrations J. Phycol. 2009 45 314–323.
J. E. Tillberg, J. R. Rowley, Physiological and structural effects of phosphorus starvation on the unicellular alga Scenedesmus Physiol. Plant. 1989 75 315–332.
G. P. Harris, B. B. Piccinin, Phosphorus limitation and carbon metabolism in a unicellular alga: interaction between growth rate and the measurement of net and gross photosynthesis J. Phycol. 1983 19 185–192.
R. J. Geider, J. La Roche, R. M. Greene, M. Olaizola, Response of the photosynthetic apparatus of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) to nitrate, phosphate or iron starvation J. Phycol. 1993 29 755–766.
J. La Roche, R. J. Geider, L. M. Graziano, H. Murray, K. Lewis, Induction of specific proteins in eukaryotic algae grown under iron-, phosphorus- and nitrogen-deficient conditions J. Phycol. 1993 29 767–777.
M. A. Xenopoulos, P. C. Frost, UV radiation, phosphorus, and their combined effects on the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton in boreal lake J. Phycol. 2003 39 291–302.
M. L. Bothwell, D. Sherbot, A. C. Roberge, R. J. Daley, Influence of natural ultraviolet radiation on lotic periphytic diatom community growth, biomass accrual and species composition: short-term versus long-term effects J. Phycol. 1993 29 24–35.
M. L. Bothwell, D. M. J. Sherbot, C. M. Pollock, Ecosystem responses to solar ultraviolet-B radiation: influence to trophic-level interactions Science 1994 265 97–100.
L. Aubriot, D. Conde, S. Bonilla, R. Sommaruga, Phosphate uptake behavior of natural phytoplankton during exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation in a shallow coastal lagoon Mar. Biol. 2004 144 623–631.
C. D. Allen, R. E. H. Smith, The response of planktonic phosphate uptake and turnover to ultraviolet radiation in Lake Erie Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2002 59 778–786.
K. Garde, K. Gustavson, The impact of UVB radiation on alkaline phosphatase activity in phosphorus-depleted marine ecosystems J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1999 238 93–105.
M. A. Xenopoulos, D. F. Bird, Effect of acute exposure to hydrogen peroxide on the production of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in a mesohumic lake Photochem. Photobiol. 1997 66 471–478.
R. G. Wetzel, P. G. Hatcher, T. S. Bianchi, Natural photolysis by ultraviolet irradiance of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter to simple substrates for rapid bacterial metabolism Limnol. Oceanogr. 1995 40 1369–1380.
P. Heraud, S. Roberts, K. Shelly, J. Beardall, Interactions between UVB exposure and phosphorus nutrition. II. Effects, on rates of damage and repair J. Phycol. 2005 41 1212–1218.
D. Pryputniewicz, L. Falkowska, D. Burska, Adenosine triphosphate in the marine boundary layer in the southern Baltic Sea. Oceanologia 2002 44 461–473.
S. Stojkovic, Studies on the effect of phosphorus loading of streams on the susceptibility of algal biofilms to UVB radiation, PhD Thesis, Monash University, 2005.
K. Shelly, S. Roberts, P. Heraud, J. Beardall, Interactions between UVB exposure and phosphorus nutrition. I. Effects, on growth, phosphorus uptake, and chlorophyll fluorescence J. Phycol. 2005 41 1204–1211.
M. J. Behrenfeld, A. J. Bale, Z. S. Kolber, J. Aiken, P. G. Falkowski, Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean Nature 1996 383 508–511.
W. H. van de Poll, M. A. van Leeuwe, J. Roggeveld, A. G. J. Buma, Nutrient limitation and high irradiance reduce PAR and UV-induced viability loss in the Antarctic diatom Chaetoceros brevis J. Phycol. 2005 41 840–850.
R. Sommaruga, J. S. Hofer, L. Alonso-Sáez, J. M. Gaso, Differential sunlight sensitivity of picophytoplankton from surface Mediterranean coastal waters Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005 71 2154–2157.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beardall, J., Sobrino, C. & Stojkovic, S. Interactions between the impacts of ultraviolet radiation, elevated CO2, and nutrient limitation on marine primary producers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 8, 1257–1265 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00034h
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00034h