Identifying Structural Features of Audio
Orienting Responses During Radio Messages and Their Impact on Recognition
Abstract
This study tested the ability of nine different auditory structural features to elicit orienting responses from radio listeners. It further tested the effect of the orienting response on listeners memory for information presented immediately following the orienting-eliciting structural feature. Results show that listeners do have significant decelerating cardiac patterns suggestive of orienting for eight of the nine features. Taken as a categorical whole, these features also increase recognition memory for the information presented after their onset compared to information presented immediately before.
References
1976). Young childrens attention to Sesame Street. Child Development, 47, 806–811.
(1983). Looking at television: Action or reaction? In , Childrens understanding of television: Research on attention and comprehension (pp. 1–32). New York: Academic Press, Inc.
(1994). Multiple resource theory II: Empirical examinations of modality-specific attention to television. Communication Research, 21, 208–231.
(2000). Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37, 204–215.
(2007). Processing web ads: The effects of animation and arousing content. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press.
(2000). The electrodermal system. In , Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 200–223). New York: Cambridge University Press.
(1998). Roll em!: The effects of picture motion on emotional responses. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 42 (1), 113.
(2004). Orienting response and memory for web advertisements: Exploring effects of pop-up window and animation. Communication Research, 31, 537–567.
(2007). Effects of music on physiological arousal: Explorations into tempo and genre. Media Psychology, 10, 339–363.
(1996). Naming norms for brief environmental sounds: Effects of age and dementia. Psychophysiology, 33, 462–475.
(1975). Individual differences in heart rate responses to affective sound. Psychophysiology, 12, 423–426.
(1993). The effects of scene changes and semantic relatedness on attention to television. Communication Research, 20, 155–175.
(2000). Packaging television news: The effects of tabloid on information processing and evaluative responses. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44, 581–598.
(1979). Distinguishing among orienting, defence, and startle reflexes. In , The orienting reflex in humans (pp. 137–167). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
(1991). Mild auditory-visual dissonance in television news may exceed viewer attentional capacity. Human Communication Research, 18, 268–298.
(1981). Communicating more than content: Formal features of childrens television programs. Journal of Communication, 31(3), 32–48.
(2007). The effects of technological advancement and violent content in video games on players feelings of presence, involvement, physiological arousal, and aggression. Journal of Communication, 57, 532–555.
(1990). Radio production: Art and science. Boston, MA: Focal Press.
(1990). Involuntary attention and physiological arousal evoked by structural features and emotional content in TV commercials. Communication Research, 17, 275–299.
(2006). Motivated cognition (LC4MP): The influence of appetitive and aversive activation on the processing of video games. In , Digital media: Transformation in human communication (pp. 237–256). New York: Peter Lang Publishers.
(1999). The effects of production pace and arousing content on the information processing of television messages. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 451–475.
(2006). Parsing the resource pie: Using STRTs to measure attention to mediated messages. Media Psychology, 8, 369–394.
(2005). Its the product: Do risky products compel attention and elicit arousal in media users? Health Communication, 17, 283–300.
(1993). The effects of related and unrelated cuts on television viewers attention, processing capacity, and memory. Communication Research, 20(1), 4–29.
(1996). Negative video as structure: Emotion, attention, capacity, and memory. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 40, 460–477.
(in press ). When paradigms collide: Taking the effects out of mass communication research. In , Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum1966). Attention, arousal, and the orientation reaction. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
(1986). Hemispheric asymmetry and emotion: Effects of nonverbal affective stimuli. Biological Psychology, 22(1), 11–22.
(1993). Psychological instrumentation of memory and yes-no recognition. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Press.
(1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
(2000). The effects of voice changes on orienting and immediate cognitive overload in radio listeners. Media Psychology, 2, 147–177.
(2006). Made you listen: The effects of production effects on attention to short radio promotional announcements. Journal of Promotion Management, 12, 35–48.
(2000). Sounds exciting!!: The effects of auditory complexity on listeners attitudes and memory for radio promotional announcements. Journal of Radio Studies, 7, 29–51.
(2006). The effects of auditory structural complexity on attitudes, attention, arousal, and memory. Media Psychology, 8, 395–419.
(2006). The effects of structural complexity and information density on cognitive effort and arousal during audio message processing. Psychophysiology, 42(Suppl.), S79.
(2004). Effects of image motion on a small screen on emotion, attention, and memory: Moving-face versus static-face newscaster. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48(1), 108–133.
(2006). Phasic emotional reactions to video game events: A psychophysiological investigation. Media Psychology, 8, 343–367.
(1999). The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal. Media Psychology, 1, 49–68.
(1985). Attention to television: Intrastimulus effects of movement and scene changes on alpha variation over time. International Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 241–255.
(1984). Automatic and control processing and attention. In , Varieties of attention (pp. 1–25). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
(2004). Death with a story. How story impacts emotional, motivational, and physiological responses to first-person shooter video games. Human Communication Research, 30, 361–375.
(1992). Creative radio production. Boston, MA: Focal Press.
(1999). Emotion processing in three systems: The medium and the message. Psychophysiology, 36, 619–627.
(1980). The power and limitations of television: A cognitive-affective analysis. In , The entertainment functions of television (pp. 31–66). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2004). Arousal, memory, and impression-formation effects of animation speed in web advertising. Journal of Advertising, 33(1), 7–17.
(1992). Effects of television video graphics and lecture familiarity on adult cardiac orienting responses and memory. Communication Research, 19, 346–369.
(1985). Message complexity and attention to television. Communication Research, 12, 427–454.
(1974). An information theory measure for television programming. Communication Research, 1(1), 44–68.
(2007). The effect of user control on the cognitive and emotional processing of pictures. Media Psychology, 9, 549–566.
(