Trends in Ecology & Evolution
ReviewConceptual domain of the matrix in fragmented landscapes
Section snippets
A matrix focus is now both important and possible
Biodiversity conservation often focuses on patches of native vegetation in a surrounding matrix that is highly modified by agriculture or urbanisation 1, 2. The patch–matrix model of landscapes [3] includes patches that are useful for conservation and the matrix in which the patches are embedded [4] (see Glossary). Assumptions underpinning the patch–matrix model are reasonable in many situations, particularly in fragmented and relictual landscapes where there are patch-dependent species 5, 6, 7
Core effects of the matrix
After considering the range of effects that the matrix can have on patch-dependent species (using empirical literature, also canvased in numerous reviews 2, 8, 18, 19, 20), we identified three fundamental ways in which the matrix influences the spatial dynamics of populations and species occurrence in fragmented landscapes. The matrix can influence population persistence in fragmented systems through effects associated with: (i) movement and dispersal; (ii) resource availability; and (iii) the
Spatial variation: the matrix is not spatially homogeneous
Although a spatially homogeneous matrix is often assumed in metapopulation and fragmentation research, many landscapes are characterised by a heterogeneous mix of land uses and habitat types 8, 46, 47. By introducing variation into dispersal patterns, the structure and quality of a heterogeneous matrix can influence the degree of isolation of habitat patches 11, 46. Matrix heterogeneity might also influence the extent and symmetry of dispersal, which can lead to spatially biased movement that
What can be achieved with the new conceptual model?
By defining the conceptual domain of the matrix (Figure 1, Figure 2; Box 1, Box 4) and emphasising how core effects can be modified by the five dimensions, important new research priorities are now apparent (Box 5). Research addressing these questions has the potential to generate novel conservation strategies and improved understanding of ecological phenomena in fragmented landscapes. For example, when there is substantial spatial and temporal variation in matrix quality, it might be difficult
Acknowledgements
Joern Fischer, Laura Prugh, and anonymous reviewers provided valuable feedback on an earlier draft of our manuscript. Thanks to Clive Hilliker, who prepared the figures, and to Nici Sweaney for her Nanangroe photograph.
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