On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China: A review and outlook
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Introduction and background
China's vehicle population has increased dramatically over the past two decades as a result of the rapid social-economic development and urbanization. China's gross domestic production (GDP; see all the abbreviations in the supplementary information) per capita, urbanization rate and total length of highways increased substantially from 1990 to 2014. Over the same time, China's total vehicle population (excluding rural vehicles) increased from 5.5 million in 1990 to 148 million in 2014; a
Emission regulations of new vehicles
China adopted a series of emissions control strategies for light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles in the early 1990s following regulation archetypes used in developed countries in the 1970s and 1980s (Wu et al., 2011, Wu et al., 2016). However, these regulations were not sufficiently stringent to push substantial upgrades. Taking light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) for example, manufacturers could depend on carburettors without after-treatment devices to meet the standard
Current status of vehicle emissions and the remaining major challenges
Since the late 1990s, researchers have assessed China's vehicle emissions of major air pollutants by applying international models (Fu et al., 2001, Wang et al., 2010). Results from measurements of Chinese vehicle emissions and usage patterns were used to localize key parameters. Fu et al. (1999) tested dozens of LDGVs, heavy-duty diesel engines, and motorcycles on a dynamometer and proposed localized basic emission factors and deterioration rates for the MOBILE-China model. Zhou et al. (2010)
Conclusion remarks and policy recommendation
Over the past two decades, China has experienced rapid growth in vehicle population and established “vehicle-fuel-traffic” integrated strategies to control vehicle emissions. Building on experiences in developed countries, the implementation of increasingly stringent standards for vehicle emissions has been the most effective among all emission control measures adopted in China. In Beijing, the pioneer city of controlling vehicle emissions, the emission standards are scheduled to be tightened
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91544222) and Chinese Academy of Engineering. We authors sincerely thank Miss Hui He of the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) for providing fundamental data and figures presented in the supplementary information. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Wei Shen and Dr. Weijian Han of the Ford Motor Company for their helpful comments and discussions. The contents of this paper are solely the
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These authors contribute equally.