Research paperWhite picket fences & other features of the suburban physical environment: Correlates of neighbourhood attachment in 3 australian low-density suburbs
Introduction
This paper investigates the relationship between neighbourhood attachment and the presence of a number of physical characteristics of suburban neighbourhoods in Australia. Neighbourhood attachment is one domain of sense of community (Kim & Kaplan, 2004), is one dimension of social cohesion (Dempsey, 2009, Wilkinson, 2007), is a significant determinant of neighbourhood satisfaction (Bonaiuto, Aiello, Perugini, Bonnes, & Ercolani, 1999; Fried, 1982), and has even been suggested to be second only to satisfaction with family in determining a person’s satisfaction with life itself (Fried, 1982).
The study described in this paper asks, what physical design characteristics of neighbourhoods predict neighbourhood attachment in low-density Australian suburbs, and which are the best contributors when socioeconomic factors are controlled for? These research questions are in line with the argument that liveable neighbourhoods are beneficial for social life (Raman, 2010), and, as Dempsey reports (2009), that the provision of some physical characteristics contributes to socially cohesive communities. Neighbourhood attachment in this paper is measured using the Neighbourhood Attachment scale developed by Bonaiuto et al. (1999) and further validated by (Comstock et al., 2010). Both the role of neighbourhood form and dwelling form in impacting neighbourhood attachment are considered.
The findings suggest that neighbourhood attachment in low-density suburbs is affected by eight physical variables: (1) street layout, (2) tree-coverage, (3) number of community spaces with walking 5 min and open spaces (4) dwelling type, (5) fence height, (6) connectivity by walking, (7) the provision of sidewalks, and (8) access to on-street parking. Moreover, neighbourhood attachment is shown to be positively correlated with term of habitat, home ownership, and age. The implications of this research can inform strategies for architects, urban designers and planners concerning the provision of physical neighbourhood design characteristics that can improve neighbourhood attachment and social environment in suburban contexts.
Section snippets
Background
As two identified dimensions of attachment to place are social bonding and physical rootedness (Riger & Lavrakas, 1981; Taylor, Gottfredson, & Brower, 1985), neighbourhood attachment is associated with social and physical connectedness between individuals and their residential environment (Arnberger and Eder, 2012, Bonaiuto et al., 2003). Physically, neighbourhood is most commonly understood to refer to a residential area, while socially it is the place of social interactions (Jenks & Dempsey,
Methodology
Three types of data were collected: (1) measurement of the independent variables i.e., physical urban design features such as tree coverage and fence height; (2) collection of the sociodemographic data of residents; and (3) measurement of the dependent variable neighbourhood attachment using the NA scale. Objective data of the physical environment was collected using on-street photography and high-resolution satellite Photomaps. Subjective data on demographics and neighbourhood attachment was
Independent variables – the physical urban design characteristics
As mentioned, the survey data was provided by inhabitants in three suburbs in the southwest of Geelong, Australia. Geelong is the second largest city in Victoria, developing significantly after growth of the southwest of the city after the Second World War. The three suburbs were selected not just for socio-economic equivalence, but also for design variability as each was developed during different periods of residential growth. Thus, the three suburbs vary in urban design layout and
Discussion
The results indicate that residents in older more established neighbourhoods with layouts categorised as traditional have higher neighbourhood attachment than residents in newer conventional loop (curvilinear) suburban neighbourhoods. No significant neighbourhood attachment differences were found between traditional type and conventional loop and cul-de-sac streets. This result is consistent with previous research finding that attachment varies between residents from different residential
Conclusion
This study investigated the relationship between neighbourhood attachment and a number of urban design characteristics to provide an understanding of how neighbourhood design might affect neighbourhood attachment. The survey of residents explored their perceptions of their social and physical bonds towards their neighbourhood. The findings suggest that neighbourhood attachment was affected by physical design characteristics in all three suburbs in Geelong. Street type, public and open spaces,
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