Systematic regional planning for multiple objective natural resource management
Introduction
The impact of on-ground natural resource management actions (such as revegetation and remnant vegetation management) in addressing land, water and biodiversity objectives is fundamentally determined by their location in the landscape (Hobbs and Saunders, 1991). Many actions not only affect their intended natural resource management objective but, depending on where in the landscape they occur, may also impact upon other objectives. Some actions may even have undesirable trade-offs and result in deleterious environmental impacts (Zhang et al., 2001; Herron et al., 2002, Herron et al., 2003; Vertessy et al., 2003). For example, revegetation of local native species and communities may be primarily undertaken for the benefit of biodiversity (Saunders and Hobbs, 1995; Martin et al., 2004; Vesk and MacNally, 2006). Complementing this, depending on which parts of the landscape are targeted, the same revegetation may also lower water tables, sequester carbon, and reduce soil erosion (Lal, 2001; Eberbach, 2003; Hatton et al., 2003; Arnalds, 2004; Canadell et al., 2004; Turner and Asseng, 2005). However, revegetation may also have negative impacts if the natural resource management objective is to increase environmental flows in waterways (Zhang et al., 2001; Herron et al., 2002, Herron et al., 2003; Vertessy et al., 2003). Thus, planning for natural resource management actions involves complex decisions to prioritise the type, timing and location of actions that address multiple degrading processes in agricultural landscapes (Walker et al., 2001).
Many studies have aimed to identify management actions to address single natural resource management objectives such as improving water quality and reducing sedimentation (Khanna et al., 2003; Lu et al., 2004), reducing nutrient loads (Seppelt and Voinov, 2002, Seppelt and Voinov, 2004), reducing salinisation (Greiner and Cacho, 2001), improving forestry production and harvesting (Snyder and ReVelle, 1997; Turner et al., 2002; Marianov et al., 2004; Toth et al., 2006), wetland restoration (Newbold and Weinberg, 2003), and biodiversity conservation via reserve design (Rothley, 1999; Church et al., 2000; Rodrigues and Gaston, 2002; Önal and Briers, 2002; Ruliffson et al., 2003; Arthur et al., 2004; Snyder et al., 2004; Haight et al., 2005). These studies often include economic and agricultural analyses in land use planning and involve advanced spatial planning and structured decision-support techniques such as multi-criteria decision analysis and spatial optimisation techniques.
Several studies have developed techniques for integrated planning for addressing multiple natural resource management objectives. Notably, LUPIS (Land Use Planning and Information System, Ive and Cocks, 1983, Ive and Cocks, 1988; Ive, 1995), a multi-criteria decision-support tool for integrated land use planning, has been applied in many different regions (e.g. Cocks, 1984; Ive et al., 1989; Braithwaite et al., 1993; Recatala et al., 2000). Other studies have also demonstrated quantitative, integrated landscape-scale planning for achieving multiple natural resource management objectives in fields such as environmental management (Hobbs, 1993; Hobbs et al., 1993; Hobbs and Saunders, 1993; Cresswell et al., 2004; Hajkowicz et al., 2005; Hill et al., 2005; Crossman and Bryan, 2006; Crossman et al., 2007), forestry (Gustafson et al., 2000; Bugg et al., 2002; Bettinger et al., 2005), and agricultural resource management (Hayashi, 2000).
Building on the work in this field, we develop and apply an integrated and systematic regional planning methodology to identify the type and location of on-ground management actions that most cost-effectively address multiple natural resource management objectives. The systematic regional planning methodology is a quantitative technique that utilises spatial optimisation within a multi-criteria decision analysis framework. We demonstrate the application of the methodology in the River Murray Corridor area in South Australia. Linkages between management actions and the natural resource management objectives of salinity, biodiversity and wind erosion are identified. The costs and trade-offs of addressing these natural resource management objectives through vegetation management and revegetation are quantified. Priority locations for these actions in the landscape are identified that most cost-effectively address these multiple objectives given the trade-offs. These priority locations can be used to guide regional investment in natural resource management. The methodology presented here could be applied to other regionally based efforts to prioritise investment in natural resource management actions.
Section snippets
Systematic regional planning
Processes of environmental degradation operate heterogeneously across the landscape and actions at different locations vary in both the level of environmental benefit and the costs incurred. The benefit of vegetation management and revegetation actions for biodiversity depends on their location relative to the spatial arrangement of remnant habitat in the landscape context (e.g. Hobbs, 1993; Saunders and Hobbs, 1995; Arnold, 2003; Bennett and MacNally, 2004; Freudenberger et al., 2004; Dorrough
Remnant vegetation management
A key output of the spatial multi-criteria decision analysis model is mapped geographic priorities for vegetation management in the Corridor (Fig. 2). Of the 510 734 ha of remnant vegetation in the Corridor, over 80% (413 489 ha) is on privately owned land (Bryan et al., 2005). Over 25% (106 993 ha) of this remnant vegetation on private land is already managed under either heritage agreements or as part of the bookmark biosphere reserve (Bryan et al., 2005). To meet the natural resource management
Conclusion
We present an integrated systematic regional planning methodology for prioritising both vegetation management and revegetation for achieving multiple natural resource management objectives. Results of the application to the South Australian River Murray Corridor suggest that the inclusion of smart spatial targeting of vegetation management and revegetation actions according to established systematic principles can result in significant natural resource management benefits at minimal extra cost.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the financial support of this project by the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality through the South Australian Centre for Natural Resource Management, and CSIRO's Water for a Healthy Country Flagship. We acknowledge the contributions and advice of Jeff Connor and John Ward of CSIRO Land and Water, and Tiffany Schultz of the South Australian Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation. We thank Glenn Gale and Doug Bardsley of the Australian
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