ReviewEnd-user engagement: The missing link of sustainability transition for Australian residential buildings
Introduction
Sustainability is a major challenge confronting the 21st century, with climate change and rising energy prices underscoring the need to seriously reconsider prevailing built environment practices (Chileshe et al., 2018; Tam et al., 2018). However, sustainability research in the built environment, has predominantly focused on green rating tools (Martek et al., 2019); two reasons are apparent (Doan et al., 2017; Van der Heijden, 2016). First, criteria are needed which collectively constitute the ‘sustainability’ that is being sought–creating extensive discourse on what does, and does not constitute sustainability, and what factors should, and should not be included in rating tools (Shad et al., 2017). Second, how best to measure each criterion presents an emergent problem (Mattoni et al., 2018). Quantitative parameters (e.g. energy usage) lend themselves to scientific (independently replicable) results but the means of measuring qualitative parameters (e.g. equity or well-being) are more contentious (Li et al., 2018; Luther, 2017). These two reasons have generated a plethora of rating tool configurations, resulting in a third complication – which configuration should we trust and use?
Against this backdrop, a comprehensive review of extant literature reveals a conspicuous neglect of the singular most important stakeholder to the whole sustainability project, namely the end-user (Warren-Myers, 2017; Zhang and El-Gohary, 2016). Evidence suggests that residential home owners (as the largest demographic of end-users) vis-a-vis commercial occupants and their employees have largely been overlooked (Tapsuwan et al., 2018; Warren-Myers et al., 2018). In overlooking the concerns of residential end-users, significant opportunities for realizing Australia's commitment to zero carbon emissions have been lost (ASBEC, 2016; ClimateWorks, 2018; Rameezdeen et al., 2019; van der Heijden, 2014, 2015). Indeed, overall energy intensity in Australia has only slightly improved; around 5% in the residential sector (ASBEC, 2017). Although some research on end-users’ perspectives has been conducted, end-users’ views have been represented as passive to the process; neglecting to build or buy sustainable houses only because they are unavailable to them (Martek and Hosseini, 2018; Martek et al., 2019; Warren-Myers et al., 2018).
This study aims at addressing these things; this is an effort to understand the role of end-users in generating more sustainable residential buildings, as well as what is actually being done, and can be done, to effect transition within Australia to a more sustainable built environment. The premise is argued from a digest of the literature, since the evidence substantiating the claim made here arises from the observation that most literature on sustainability transition in Australia fails to consider the residential end-user; their role, interests or impact (Martek et al., 2019; Tapsuwan et al., 2018; Warren-Myers et al., 2018).
Section snippets
Research approach and methods
An inductive methodological approach is selected with the literature constituting the unit of analysis. The epistemological foundation for this research is based upon an interpretivist approach applied to that existing body of knowledge. Following Lin (1998), the interpretivist work combines data acquired from the literature into systems of belief whose manifestations reveal causal mechanisms specific to a case.
The Scopus database is selected because of its wide range of coverage, faster
Australia's sustainability scorecard
Buildings are major sources of damage, and consume one-third of all the Earth's resources (Doan et al., 2017), including one-sixth of all freshwater, one-quarter of all trees and 40% of all other materials humans make and use (Dixit et al., 2013). 10% of world energy is embodied within building materials, with a massive 50% being consumed by building operations and maintenance (Chileshe et al., 2018). Indeed, 80% of all green-house gases are attributable directly to urban residents and their
Australia's greening strategy
Australia has a strategy of legislating minimal mandatory codes and standards, combined with expectations of higher levels of compliance through voluntary uptake (Berry and Marker, 2015; Mcguirk et al., 2015; Smoleniec et al., 2017) (refer to Fig. 1). Energy efficiency targets were subsequently introduced into regulations in 2005 for residential dwellings and 2006 for commercial buildings, following UK precedents (Wilkinson, 2014). In 2008, the Green Building Fund was established as an
The limits of sustainability rating tools
Due to the limitation of mandatory requirements like building codes (c.f.Van der Heijden, 2016), rating tools remain prime-movers in the push to curb environmental greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy efficiency, and deliver broader sustainability objectives such as social justice (Martek et al., 2018; Van der Heijden, 2016). Rating tools are the most recognizable mechanism by which to appraise a building's ‘greenness’ (van der Heijden, 2015). Some tools calculate a quantified metric for
Enhancing sustainability transition: critical success factors
An effective rating tool requires more than just a list of sustainability criteria and a means of measuring them (Love et al., 2012) – and this is where government can assist (Love et al., 2012; Olubunmi et al., 2016). Distilling the recommendations of Berardi (2015), Sulivan et al. (2014), Gil and Durante (2011), Becker (2004), and Chan et al. (2017), at a minimum the key attributes of a robust rating tool would entail:
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Holistic vision of the built environment;
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National and local synergies with
End-users and sustainability transition
The current state of sustainability transition in Australia, points towards the pivotal role of end-users. First, Hoffman and Hen (2008) proffer that sustainability in the built environment is “predicated on encompassing strategies, techniques, and construction products that are less resource-intensive or pollution producing than regular construction.” Thus second, if meaningful ‘greening’ of the urban environment is to occur, it must be undertaken with a ‘whole-of-life-cycle’ approach (
Engaging end-users: the way forward
Akin to other ‘politically correct’ issues, sustainability is ubiquitous within extant literature and seldom rejected (Martek et al., 2018). Despite the monumental effort and widespread consensus as to the worth of this objective, the Australian building industry has made little progress (Saman, 2013; van der Heijden, 2018). Australia will not come close to achieving its Paris Climate Accord agreements (Harrington, 2017; Hughes, 2017; Martek et al., 2019) because of the mistaken assumption that
Reorganizing the building sector
Policy making for promoting sustainability transition within the Australian building industry has been based on the hypothesis that various incentives that stimulate demand for green buildings will work bottom up to shake the market (its suppliers, builders and developers) into generating innovations that deliver supply (van der Heijden, 2018). The examples of showcase green iconic buildings have trickled down to find greater embrace amongst a wide base of commercial buildings. The presumption
Conclusion
As a point of departure from previous studies conducted, this study gives priority to the residential market in Australia that has remained under-represented in the literature even though it represents a major part of Australia's building industry. The key contribution of this study is providing an updated picture of the landscape of research on end-users of the residential market, their role, interests, and impacts. Findings provide insight into potential avenues for enhancing end-users’
Acknowledgement
This work was funded by the Integral Design Futures (IDF) funding scheme's 2018 program: Towards end-user engagement in Australian Green Star revolution (School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University).
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