Nurses’ occupational physical activity levels: A systematic review
Introduction
Healthcare workers are the largest global workforce, and 48% of healthcare workers are nurses (World Health Organisation, 2016). Nursing presents a challenging work environment with irregular shift rotations (Albert et al., 2014, Chin et al., 2016, Han et al., 2016, Nahm et al., 2012, Nelson et al., 2014, Tada et al., 2014), long shift durations that range from 8- to 12-hours (Albert et al., 2014, Chin et al., 2016, Nahm et al., 2012), and physically demanding tasks (Chin et al., 2016, Flannery et al., 2014, Nelson et al., 2014). All of these factors can adversely affect nurses’ health and work performance.
In hospitals, nurses have a 24-hour a day direct care presence. Consequently, shift work is a major component of nursing (Makowiec-Dabrowska et al., 2000, Tucker et al., 2010). Although it is possible for nurses to work permanent day, evening, or night shifts, the majority of nurses work a rotating shift system (Järvelin-Pasanen et al., 2013, Saksvik-Lehouillier et al., 2013). There are two common shift systems. The first is a two-shift system that comprises of a 12-hour day and a 12-hour night shift. The second is a three-shift system that comprises of an 8-h day, an 8-h evening, and an 8- to 10-hour night shift (Royal College of Nursing, 2012). Rotating shift work can have acute adverse effects such as higher absenteeism and lower work productivity, as well as impairing the quality of patient care and safety (Jung and Lee, 2015, Saksvik-Lehouillier et al., 2013). For example, 12-hour shifts can increase clinical risk through performance decrements and increased risk of errors (Clendon and Gibbons, 2015, Makowiec-Dabrowska et al., 2000), while 8-hour shifts are associated with reduced job satisfaction and increase frequency of missed shifts (Stone et al., 2006). Prolonged exposure to rotating shift work systems can have adverse chronic health effects, such as a higher incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease (Buchvold et al., 2015, Henwood et al., 2012, Nicoletti et al., 2015).
Sleep, diet and physical activity are the three pillars essential for good health that may combat the adverse effects of shift work (Horoho, 2013). Studies related to nurses’ health have predominantly focused on nurses’ sleep (Admi et al., 2008, Han et al., 2012, Järvelin-Pasanen et al., 2013, Sveinsdóttir and Gunnarsdóttir, 2008) and dietary habits (Almajwal, 2015, Chin et al., 2016, Jung and Lee, 2015, Saksvik-Lehouillier et al., 2013). There is limited published research on nurses’ physical activity levels (Albert et al., 2014, Nahm et al., 2012, Perry et al., 2015, Tucker et al., 2010), particularly occupational physical activity, which accounts for a large proportion of their waking hours. To date, most research related to nurses’ physical activity has been focused on leisure-time physical activity, and has shown that nurses’ average physical activity level is of a moderate- (Albert et al., 2014, Perry et al., 2015, Tucker et al., 2010) or low-intensity (Nahm et al., 2012). Nurses appear to not be meeting the current physical activity guidelines of 150 minutes per week (Department of Health, 2014) through their leisure-time activity alone (Ahmad et al., 2015, Jung and Lee, 2015, Naidoo and Coopoo, 2007). As a result, researchers have focused on developing interventions for increasing nurses’ leisure-time physical activity (Torquati et al., 2017). Given that the majority of adults’ waking time is spent at work (Clemes et al., 2014, Kikuchi et al., 2015), the findings of previous research studies may be underestimating nurses’ daily activity levels as well as the proportion of nurses meeting current physical activity guidelines. Without information on nurses’ occupational physical activity and how this activity may impact their leisure-time activity, it is difficult to determine whether nurses’ total physical activity is adequate, and whether interventions are needed (Torquati et al., 2017). Consequently, evaluating nurses’ occupational physical activity levels will be the major focus of this systematic review.
To understand nurses’ physical activity levels during a shift, it is important to identify how physical activity is accumulated both in terms of activity patterns and the tasks performed. Nursing tasks are often physically demanding (Samaha et al., 2007), and require manual handling and awkward body positions (Carugno et al., 2012, Chen et al., 2011, Nicoletti et al., 2014a, Vieira et al., 2008). Common manual handling tasks include transferring patients between trolleys, beds and chairs, repositioning patients in bed, pushing beds, trolleys, wheelchairs and commode chairs, and carrying heavy pieces of equipment (Stričević and Papež, 2015, Yip, 2001). The physical demands of these tasks increase when there is limited availability of equipment and staff, the patient has significant mobility limitations or is overweight or obese, or when a task was repeated across a shift (Yip, 2001). It is possible that availability of equipment and staff, the patients, and task repetition may lead to differences in nurses’ physical activity between-shifts.
How nurses accumulate their physical activity across a shift and the types of tasks that they engage in is poorly understood. It is estimated that 31% of nurses’ time is spent in patients’ rooms, with 91% of that time spent engaged in nursing care tasks (Hendrich et al., 2008). Of these nursing tasks, 35% of nurses’ time was spent completing documentation (presumably standing, which is a light-intensity activity), 19% of nurses’ time was spent in direct patient care activities such as providing care, and patient transport (presumably moderate-intensity), and 17% of nurses’ time was spent on medication administration (presumably light-intensity; Hendrich et al., 2008). The second aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the available literature on how nurses’ accumulate occupational physical activity with the aim of better understanding if and how nurses’ occupational physical activity interacts with leisure-time physical activity, thus enabling more accurate profiling of nurses’ total physical activity levels.
Section snippets
Methods
This is a narrative systematic review that were guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) Statement (Moher et al., 2015). In accordance with PRISMA, the systematic review protocol is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; Registration number: CRD42016045427).
Results
The initial search identified 8,752 studies. After removing duplicates and examining titles and abstracts, 309 full text articles were retrieved, and reviewed for inclusion. Fifteen studies were included in the final review. The PRISMA diagram detailing the study selection process is shown in Fig. 1. Results are presented through a narrative synthesis (Popay et al., 2006).
Discussion
This systematic review provides evidence of nurses’ occupational physical activity levels and how they accumulate their physical activity. Overall, nurses typically spend the majority of their shift engaged in light-intensity physical activity that was interspersed with moderate-intensity nursing tasks. This was a common finding regardless of shift length and type of shift worked. Time spent in light-intensity physical activity was largely due to standing and slow walking behaviours, although
Conclusions
Overall, nurses spend the majority of a shift engaged in light-intensity physical activity that is interspersed with bouts of moderate-intensity physical activity. Nurses typically accumulate their physical activity through direct patient care tasks, and the majority of nurses’ time was spent standing and slow walking during a shift. However, the evidence about nurses’ average occupational physical activity levels was conflicting, most likely due to the range of measurement tools used, and a
Conflicts of interest
All authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Funding
None.
Acknowledgements
SC holds a Deakin University Postgraduate Research Scholarship and SV holds a Deakin University PhD International Scholarship.
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