Seismic evidence of on-going sublithosphere upper mantle convection for intra-plate volcanism in Northeast China

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.035

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volume 433, 1 January 2016, Pages 31-43

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.035 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Surface wave tomography reveals complex upper mantle structure beneath NE China.
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The SLB is characterized as fast velocity down to at least 200 km.
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Slow velocities are observed beneath all the Quaternary volcanoes.
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Ongoing sublithospheric convection is responsible for the Quaternary volcanoes.

Abstract

A 3-D crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity model of NE China is constructed by inversion of phase velocity dispersion curves at 6–140 s periods from ambient noise tomography and two-plane surface wave tomography. The seismic data used in this study are collected from 120 China Earthquake Administration (CEA) permanent stations and 127 portable stations of NECESSArray. We observe strong low S-wave velocity beneath the Changbaishan volcano in the upper mantle to at least 200-km depth, which is interpreted as a mantle upwelling beneath the Changbaishan volcano that is consistent with the body wave tomographic image. The Songliao Basin is dominated by a high velocity extending to at least 200-km depth. Built upon the observed velocity anomalies, we propose a sub-lithosphere mantle convection model for NE China in which the upwelling of upper mantle materials from the mantle transition zone to the Changbaishan volcano could induce a local sub-lithosphere convection in the upper mantle and the strong high velocity of the upper mantle beneath the Songliao Basin corresponds to the downwelling limb of this convection cell. The downwelling beneath the Songliao Basin could also induce secondary local convection in the asthenosphere to the west, leading to local asthenospheric upwelling beneath the Abaga and Halaha volcanoes in the Xing'an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt.

Introduction

Intraplate volcanism on continents is an exception to the theory of plate tectonics (e.g., Morgan, 1968) which states that most of the world's volcanoes both in oceans and on lands occur at plate boundaries. It is well accepted that mantle plumes are capable to create volcanoes anywhere away from plate boundaries. Alternative models, such as small-scale convection triggered by delamination of a thick lithosphere (e.g. Zandt et al., 2004) or edge-driven convection (e.g. King and Anderson, 1998, King and Ritsema, 2000) are commonly invoked to explain the origin of the intra-plate volcanism.

Northeast China is an ideal place to study Cenozoic intraplate volcanism. Though located more than 2000 km west of the Japan trench, Northeast China hosts widely distributed Quaternary volcanism surrounding the Songliao Basin (SLB). Some of the most prominent volcanoes in the area include the well-known Changbaishan volcano in the southeast, Jingpohu volcano in the east, Wudalianchi volcano in the north, and two lesser known volcanoes of Abaga and Halaha in the west (Fig. 1). These Quaternary volcanoes are separated hundreds of kilometers apart, with the Songliao Basin at the center. The Songliao Basin was formed by tectonic rifting in the late Mesozoic and is characterized by relatively thin lithosphere (Zhang et al., 2014, Meng, 2003, Meng et al., 2003). The basin has been in a cooling/subsidence stage after the cessation of rifting about 40 Ma ago (Liu et al., 2001, Wei et al., 2010). Although it is generally agreed that the flat stagnant parts of the subducting Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone have played an important role in the formation of Cenozoic volcanism in NE China (Chen et al., 2007, Zhao et al., 2009, Chen and Pei, 2010, Wu et al., 2011, Guo et al., 2015, Ranasinghe et al., 2015; Takeuchi et al., 2014), there is still a lack of consensus about the mechanism, or mechanisms, responsible for the volcanism, particularly for volcanoes to the west of Songliao Basin.

The international project of NECESSArray (NorthEast China Extended SeiSmic Array) is a recently deployed portable seismic array in NE China. Several seismic studies have been conducted using NECESSArray data to date. For instance, Tao et al. (2014) propose that the high topography in the flanks of the SLB could be dynamically supported by mantle upwelling. Guo et al. (2015) suggest that the mid- and lower crustal low velocity beneath the Xing'an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt (XMOB) could be the consequence of mafic lower crust removal in the Mesozoic. In particular, Tang et al. (2014) conducted a S body-wave tomography model and suggest that subduction-induced mantle upwelling is connected to the Changbaishan volcano at the surface. In order to better understand the causes of widespread magmatism in the area and the mantle processes responsible for the volcanism away from the active plate boundary, it is essential to build a high resolution seismic image of the crust and upper mantle beneath NE China.

Surface-wave tomography has become a routine method to investigate the seismic structure of the upper mantle. In the past two decades, array-based teleseismic surface-wave tomography methods, such as two-plane-wave tomography (TPWT) (Forsyth and Li, 2013; Yang and Forsyth, 2006a, Yang and Forsyth, 2006b), eikonal tomography and Helmholtz tomography (Lin and Ritzwoller, 2011), have been developed and applied extensively to both regional (e.g. Li and Burke, 2006), and continental scale arrays (Pollitz and Mooney, 2014). Surface-wave tomography based on cross-correlations of long-term seismic noise data between station pairs (Campillo and Paul, 2003, Gouédard et al., 2008, Shapiro et al., 2005, Yang et al., 2007) provides complementary constraints on crustal and uppermost mantle structure (Yang et al., 2008a). In this study, we employ two-plane surface wave tomography (TPWT) and ambient noise tomography (ANT) to generate phase velocities at 6–140 s. We then use a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to invert these phase velocities for 3-D velocity structure of NE China.

Section snippets

Data and methods

Seismic data used in this study are collected from a total of 247 seismic stations (Fig. 1), including 127 stations from the NECESSArray that were deployed from September 2009 to August 2011, and additional 120 permanent stations from China Earthquake Administration Array (CEA). Station spacing is less than 70 km for most of the study region.

Phase velocity maps

Phase velocity anomaly maps at different periods are shown in Fig. 3. The anomaly maps are calculated relative to the average 1-D phase velocities of NE China shown in Fig. 5a. Phase velocity anomalies vary gradually with periods due to the overlapped depth sensitivities of neighboring periods. At short period (<20 s), anomalies in phase velocity are highly correlated with regional geological features. We observe a marked low velocity in the SLB (Figs. 3a–3c), which is associated with the thick

Inversion approach

We invert for S-wave velocities using the local dispersion curves extracted from each node of the phase velocity maps. We employ a Bayesian inference approach to solve the inversion problem (Afonso et al., 2013a). In a Bayesian framework, the solution to the inverse problem is given by a joint probability density function (PDF) in the parameter and data space, known as the posterior PDF, which contains the ensemble of acceptable models as allowed by data and prior information (Tarantola, 2005).

Results

An example of the posterior PDF for the S-wave velocity structure obtained by inverting regional average phase velocities from ANT and TPWT is plotted in Fig. 5b. Predicted surface wave dispersion curves are shown as gray lines along with the observations presented as error bars shown in Fig. 5a. The PREM model is also shown for comparison. In the lower crust, the regional average model is somewhat lower than PREM. In the uppermost mantle, the inversion requires a velocity decreasing with depth

Discussion

Slow velocity anomalies in the mid- and lower crust beneath the XMOB have been interpreted as the presence of dominant granitic rocks by Guo et al. (2015), which is likely the consequence of the removal of mafic lower crust during the Mesozoic. Delamination and consequent mantle upwelling have been proposed to explain the extensive Mesozoic magmatism in the XMOB (Li et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2010, Zhou et al., 2012b, Wu et al., 2003, Wang et al., 2006). Two episodes of magmatism during the

Conclusions

By using seismic data recorded by a total of 247 seismic stations, we have constructed 3-D crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity models from surface wave tomography. The new model shows that the crust of the XMOB is characterized as low velocities. We interpret it as the consequence of the removal of mafic lower crust during the Mesozoic related to the Paleo-Pacific plate flat-subduction and subsequent plate foundering. The large-scale low velocity anomaly in the upper mantle beneath the

Acknowledgments

We thank all the people who had participated in the field work of the 127 portable seismic stations of the NECESSArray. Data of the permanent seismic stations are provided by Data Management Center of China National Seismic Network at Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers who have provided constructive comments that improved the manuscript. This study is supported by NSFC grants (91128210, 90814002) and MOST grants (2012CB417301) in

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Seismic evidence of on-going sublithosphere upper mantle convection for intra-plate volcanism in Northeast China

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Data and methods

Phase velocity maps

Inversion approach

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Lithos

Earth-Sci. Rev.

Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.

Tectonophysics

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Chem. Geol.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Tectonophysics

Gondwana Res.

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Lithos

J. Asian Earth Sci.

Chem. Geol.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.

J. Asian Earth Sci.

Chem. Geol.

Lithospheric instability and the source of the Cameroon Volcanic Line: evidence from Rayleigh wave phase velocity tomography

J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth

3-D multiobservable probabilistic inversion for the compositional and thermal structure of the lithosphere and upper mantle. I: A priori petrological information and geophysical observables

J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth

A fast and reliable method for surface wave tomography

Pure Appl. Geophys.

Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements

Geophys. J. Int.

The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars: 2

J. Geophys. Res.

Transdimensional inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion

J. Geophys. Res.

Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda

Science

Tomographic structure of East Asia: II. Stagnant slab above 660 km discontinuity and its geodynamic implications

Earthq. Sci.

A global model of Love and Rayleigh surface wave dispersion and anisotropy, 25–250 s

Geophys. J. Int.

Array analysis of two-dimensional variations in surface wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy in the presence of multipathing interference

Cross-correlation of random fields: mathematical approach and applications

Geophys. Prospect.

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