The influence of water absorption and porosity on the deterioration of cement paste and concrete exposed to elevated temperatures, as in a fire event
Introduction
The behaviour of cement paste and concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures, as in a fire event, has been of interest to many researchers for decades. One of the first studies was conducted by Lea [1] in 1920.
When concrete is subjected to high temperatures, physical and chemical transformations take place resulting in deterioration of its mechanical properties [2]. A common way of investigating those physical and chemical transformations is by dividing the investigation into two steps: (i) the cement paste and (ii) the concrete as a whole, i.e. paste, aggregates and the interface between paste and aggregate.
Investigating (i) the cement paste, Lea and Stradling [3] reported that one product of hydration of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste is calcium hydroxide (CaOH2). This compound decomposes at about 400 °C into calcium oxide (CaO) and water. In addition, they proposed that the high loss of water that occurs between 300 and 500 °C is due to the dehydration-dissociation of CaOH2.
Dias et al. [4] reported that although no initial signs of distress were visible on OPC pastes heated to 400 °C or above and cooled to room temperature, all specimens exhibited severe cracking to the point of disintegration after a few days. According to Petzold and Rohrs [5], the reason for this cracking is the expansive, and hence disruptive, rehydration (due to reaction with airborne water vapour) of previously dissociated CaOH2 which is accompanied by a 44% volume increase.
Studies by the authors revealed similar findings [6], [7]. The critical temperature of 400 °C for OPC pastes was confirmed. Above this temperature OPC pastes presented total strength loss due to dehydration of CaOH2 and rehydration of CaO. However, dehydration of CaOH2 and rehydration of CaO had no impact in pastes where OPC was partially replaced with ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag), a by-product of the iron blast furnace industry. This is illustrated in Fig. 1. During hydration slag consumes most of the available CaOH2, consequently reducing or even eliminating the negative effects caused by CaOH2 dehydration and subsequent CaO rehydration when cement paste is submitted to elevated temperatures. The compressive strength of OPC and 50% slag pastes after exposure to temperatures up to 800 °C is presented in Fig. 2.
Following the investigation of cement paste, Lea and Stradling [8] assessed the effects of elevated temperatures on (ii), concrete as a whole. Their work stated that specimens of OPC concrete made with Rowley Rag aggregate (volcanic dolerite stone) exposed to 700 °C crumbled to pieces 6 days after the heat treatment.
Khoury [9] stated that, following Lea and Stradling, it was recognised that the CaOH2 problem could be the Achilles’ heel of concrete in high temperature applications.
Moreover, other researchers reported strength loss of OPC concrete when submitted to temperatures as high as 1200 °C, but no significant disintegration or crumbling were reported [10], [11], [12], [13]. In addition, Khoury [9] affirmed that there was scope for improvement within the temperature range of 300–600 °C. In 2000, Khoury [2] suggested that the deterioration of the mechanical properties of concrete can be reduced by judicious design of concrete mix, with the choice of aggregate possibly being the most important factor. Flint or Thames gravel is said to break up at relatively low temperatures (<350 °C), while granite is expected to exhibit thermal stability up to 600 °C. Basalt aggregate was reported not to undergo phase changes at temperatures up to 800 °C [2], [14].
The authors have also performed tests on concrete [15]. The concrete specimens were made with the same OPC cement and slag blends as used in which OPC pastes disintegrated [15]. The coarse aggregate used was basalt, as described above as having high thermal stability. Fig. 3 presents the residual compressive strength for the OPC and 50% slag concretes after exposure to 800 °C followed by either furnace or water cooling. It was found that even though dehydration of CaOH2 and rehydration of CaO occurred as determined by infrared spectroscopy (IR), the OPC concrete did not disintegrate or crumble, even months after the heat treatment.
The authors have also reported the long-term effects of the CaO rehydration on OPC pastes [7]. It was reported that 1 year after exposure to 800 °C, the OPC paste has been reduced to a powder. This was confirmed to be due to continuous rehydration of CaO via airborne water vapour throughout the year. Based on that, it is thus expected that the OPC cement paste in the concrete would disintegrate, even if over longer time periods, independently of the thermal stability of the aggregate. However, it is clear from the discussion above that after exposure to elevated temperatures, the OPC paste test results does not represent the same deterioration behaviour of the OPC paste present in concrete.
Therefore, the present work aims to identify why the dehydration of CaOH2 and rehydration of CaO is not detrimental for the OPC paste in concrete as it is for an OPC paste specimen (Fig. 1). The study investigates differences in the dehydration/rehydration process of cement paste and concrete and focuses on distinguishing differences in how the water is absorbed by the cement paste and concrete subsequent to heating. Firstly, water sorptivity tests were conducted. Secondly, sorptivity tests using a solvent (acetone) instead of water were performed, which is supposed to cause no damage to the specimens due to reaction of water and CaO. Thirdly, an attempt to determine the porosity of the pastes and concretes using a solvent was made. Afterward, nitrogen adsorption was performed to provide information regarding the pore size distribution of the specimens. Discussion of each technique is presented in the relevant sections.
Section snippets
Paste
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS or “slag”) conforming to the requirements of Australian Standard AS 3972 were used as binder materials. The chemical composition and properties of the binders are presented in Table 1. The OPC used in this study has a low C3A content of <5%. In this investigation OPC was partially replaced (i.e. 50% by weight) with slag. The term water/binder (w/b) ratio is used instead of the water/cement ratio to include both
Water sorptivity
Sorptivity tests were conducted to determine any difference in the water absorption process of paste and concrete. A difference in water absorption leads to differences in the CaO rehydration process. Sorption is a term used for water ingress into pores under unsaturated conditions due to capillary suction [17]. Sorptivity testing has been previously used as a measure of the ability of concrete to absorb water [17], [18]. The specimens in comparison consisted of room temperature ‘RT’ (not
Conclusions
The present work investigated why, after exposure to 800 °C, rehydration of CaO causes total strength loss in OPC paste, leading to complete disintegration of the paste yet only 65% strength loss in OPC concrete.
Water sorptivity tests have shown that OPC paste 800 °C specimens reacted instantaneously with water, releasing heat and disintegrating, inhibiting test completion. This was found to be due to an accelerated rehydration of CaO in the presence of water; an expansive, exothermic and
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Australian Research Council Discovery Grant No. DP0558463 for this research Project.
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