ReviewArtificial intelligence in the AEC industry: Scientometric analysis and visualization of research activities
Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing a core role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), i.e., the digitalization era, wherein intelligent systems and technologies are used to create an active connection between the physical and virtual (digital) worlds. AI denotes the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines that exhibit reasoning, learning, knowledge, communication, perception, planning, and the ability to move and operate objects [1]. It has several benefits that have been widely documented in the literature. For instance, it can use sophisticated algorithms to “learn” from “big” data, and then use the knowledge gained to assist industry/practice [2]. Moreover, AI provides vast opportunities for significant productivity improvements via analyzing large volumes of data quickly and accurately [3]. Additionally, AI systems and technologies can tackle complicated, nonlinear practical problems and, once trained, could undertake predictions and generalizations at high speed [4].
Because of these benefits, AI has attracted substantial attention within a wide range of industries, including Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) [4], capturing the attention of AEC researchers. This has resulted in an upsurge in the number of research works and publications on AI in the AEC industry (AI-in-the-AECI) [5]. This situation presents danger, as it makes it tough to grasp the status quo of the knowledge body, posing a major risk of neglecting essential areas and questions for research and practice improvement [6]. To address this scientific problem, undertaking a rigorous review and analysis of the domain is necessary.
Previous review studies in this area [[7], [8], [9], [10]] have made valuable contributions. Nonetheless, they have some limitations. First, they have been qualitative and based on manual appraisals. Thus, they may be significantly impacted by subjective biases, lack of reproducibility, and reduced reliability [11]. Ref. [12] indicated that manual reviews examine the “trees”, but do not provide a broad overview of the “forest”. Second, existing review studies have had narrowed perspectives, focusing on limited applications or on specific AI methods. For example, Ref. [10] focused on “big” data technologies application in the AEC industry; while Ref. [9] focused on automation in construction scheduling. Ref. [13] recently published a bibliometric study of engineering applications of AI. However, their study is limited to only the publications in one single journal and gives an overview of what has already been done without providing directions for future work. In the light of these facts, these review studies do not afford a full picture of the state-of-the-art of research on AI-in-the-AECI. In fact, a study that offers a complete picture and understanding of the AI literature in the specific domain of AEC is still missing.
As an attempt to fill this gap, the present review study stands out, being the first to comprehensively survey the intellectual core and the landscape of the general body of knowledge on AI-in-the-AECI using a quantitative technique. This study contributes to the field in several ways by: identifying the scope and assessing the quality of the existing body of knowledge; detecting omissions and deficiencies; and determining where best to focus future research efforts. In practical terms, the study serves as a valuable and up-to-date reference point for enhancing the knowledge of policy makers and practitioners and assisting them in planning and funding efforts regarding adopting AI-in-the-AECI.
Section snippets
Research methodology
The present study used the science mapping method to analyze the literature on AI-in-the-AECI. Science mapping, “a generic process of domain analysis and visualization” [14], aims at detecting the intellectual structure of a scientific domain. This method is helpful for visualizing significant patterns and trends in a large body of literature and bibliographic data [15]. It allows researchers to make literature-related discoveries that would not be possible through other methods [16]. A science
Trend of research on AI-in-the-AECI: the 20th and the 21st centuries
The AI research field in general was born in 1956; whereas the first study on AI-in-the-AECI appears to be Ref. [30]'s work, published in the Computer-Aided Design journal, where computer applications to architecture were studied. This implies that research regarding AI-in-the-AECI has been around since the 1970s. Fig. 1 shows the trend in research publications on AI-in-the-AECI from 1974 to 2019. It reveals a steady and gradual increase in interest in research about AI-in-the-AECI from 1974
Discussion and future directions
During the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in research applying AI techniques/algorithms/concepts to AEC problems. This activity has been thoroughly reviewed in this study through quantitative, text-mining approaches. The review has been conducted to identify clusters and collaboration networks of the main research interests (including various AI methods/concepts as well as various AEC topics/issues addressed using AI methods/concepts), journals, institutions, and countries
Theoretical and practical contributions
AI deals with the science of inventing intelligent machines and computer systems that can learn and help to solve problems. It is playing a significant role in Industry 4.0, the era of digitalization, driving the digital transformation of many industries, including AEC. In the AEC industry, AI provides advantages to deal with a diversity of difficult, complex engineering and management problems that defy conventional computational methods-based solutions. Consequently, over the past few
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Department of Building and Real Estate of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for funding this research. Special appreciations also go to the Editors and Reviewers whose constructive and invaluable comments and suggestions played a decisive role in significantly improving the quality of this work.
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