Abstract
A novel evolving semi-supervised classifier, namely Parsimonious Classifier+ (pClass+), is proposed in this paper. pClass+ enhances a recently developed classifier, namely pClass, for a semi-supervised learning scenario. As with its predecessor, pClass+ is capable of initiating its learning process from scratch with an empty rule base and adopts an open network structure, where fuzzy rules are evolved, pruned, and recalled automatically on demands. The novelty of pClass+ lies in an online active learning technique, which decreases operator’s annotation efforts and expedites its training process. pClass+ is also equipped with a new parameter identification strategy to cope with the class overlapping situation. The efficacy of pClass+ has been experimentally validated with numerous synthetic and real-world study cases, confirmed by thorough statistical tests and comparisons against state-of-the art classifiers, where pClass+ outperforms its counterparts in achieving the best trade-off between accuracy and complexity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Maturino-Lozoya, H., Munoz-Rodriguez, D., Jaimes-Romera, F., Tawfik, H.: Handoff algorithms based on fuzzy classifiers. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 49(6), 2286–2294 (2000)
Santos, R., Dougherty, E., Jaakko, J.A.: Creating fuzzy rules for image classification using biased data clustering. In: SPIE Proceedings Series International Society for Optical Engineering, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, pp. 151–159 (1999)
Lughofer, E.: On-line evolving image classifiers and their application to surface inspection. Image Vis. Comput. 28(7), 1065–1079 (2010)
Vapnik, V.N.: The Statistical Learning Theory. Springer-Verlag, New York (1998)
Haykin, S.: Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall inc., Upper Saddle River (1999)
Huang, G.-B., Zhu, Q.-Y., Siew, C.-K.: Extreme learning machine: theory and applications. Neurocomputing 70(1–3), 489–501 (2006)
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Friedman, J.: The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference and Prediction, 2nd edn. Springer, New York (2009)
Bishop, C.M.: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer, New York (2007)
Angelov, P., Filev, D.: An approach to online identification of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B 34, 484–498 (2004)
Lughofer, E., Buchtala, O.: Reliable all-pairs evolving fuzzy classifiers. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 21(4), 625–641 (2013)
Bouchachia, A.: An evolving classification cascade with self-learning. Evol. Syst. 1(3), 143–160 (2010)
Bouchachia, A., Vanaret, C.: GT2FC: an online growing interval type-2 self-learning fuzzy classifier. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 22(4), 999–1018 (2014)
Subramanian, K., Das, A.K., Sundaram, S., Ramasamy, S.: Meta-cognitive interval type-2 fuzzy inference system and its projection-based learning algorithm. Syst. Evol. (2014). doi:10.1007/s12530-013-9102-9
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Lughofer, E.: Evolving fuzzy rule-based classifier based on GENEFIS. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Hyderabad, India (2013)
Lughofer, E.: Evolving Fuzzy Systems—Methodologies, Advanced Concepts and Applications. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Pratama, M., Lu, J., Anavatti, S.: Recurrent classifier based on an incremental meta-cognitive-based scaffolding algorithm. Submitted to IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. (2014)
Lughofer, E.: Single-pass active learning with conflict and ignorance. Evol. Syst. 3(4), 251–271 (2012)
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Lughofer, E., Lim, C.-P.: gClass: an incremental meta-cognitive-based scaffolding theory. Submitted to a special issue on IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag. (2014)
Subramanian, K., Savita, R. Suresh, S.: A meta-cognitive interval type-2 fuzzy inference system classifier and its projection based learning algorithm. In: Proceedings of the IEEE EAIS 2013 Workshop (SSCI 2013 Conference), Singapore, pp. 48–55 (2013)
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Lughofer, E.: pClas, an effective classifier to streaming examples”. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. (2014). doi:10.1109/TFUZZ.2014.2312983
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Lughofer, E.: An incremental classification from data streams with parsimonious classifier. In: Proceeding of 8th Helenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2014)
Lughofer, E.: On-line incremental feature weighting in evolving fuzzy classifiers. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 163(1), 1–23 (2011)
Lemos, A., Caminhas, W., Gomide, F.: Multivariable Gaussian evolving fuzzy modeling system. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 19(1), 91–104 (2011)
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Lughofer, E.: Evolving fuzzy rule-based classifier based on GENEFIS. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Hyderabad, India (2013)
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Angelov, P., Lughofer, E.: PANFIS: a novel incremental learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. (online and in press) (2013)
Pratama, M., Er, M.-J., Li, X., Oentaryo, R.J., Lughofer, E., Arifin, I.: Data driven modelling based on dynamic parsimonious fuzzy neural network. Neurocomputing 110, 18–28 (2013)
Vigdor, B., Lerner, B.: The Bayesian ARTMAP. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 18(6), 1628–1644 (2007)
Yap, K.S., Lim, C.P., Au, M.T.: Improved GART Neural network model for pattern classification and rule extraction with application to power system. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 22(12), 2310–2323 (2011)
Rong, H.-J., Sundarajan, N., Huang, G.-B., Zhao, G.-S.: Extended sequential adaptive fuzzy inference system for classification problems. Evol. Syst. 2(2), 71–82 (2011)
Wang, L., Ji, H.-B., Jin, Y.: Fuzzy passive-aggressive classification: a robust and efficient algorithm for online classification problems. Inf. Sci. 220, 46–63 (2013)
Ditzler, G., Polikar, R.: Incremental learning of concept drift from streaming imbalanced data. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 25(10), 2283–2301 (2012)
Bartett, F.C.: Remembering: A study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1932)
Xu, Y., Wong, K.W., Leung, C.S.: Generalized recursive least square to the training of neural network. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 17(1), 19–34 (2006)
Xiong, H., Swamy, M.N.S., Ahmad, M.O.: Optimizing the kernel in the empirical feature space. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 16(2), 460–474 (2005)
K. Subramanian, S. Suresh, N. Sundararajan: A meta-cognitive neuro-fuzzy inference system (McFIS) for sequential classification systems. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. (on-line and in-press) (2013)
Babu, G.S., Suresh, S.: Sequential projection-based metacognitive learning in a radial basis function network for classification problems. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 24(2), 194–206 (2013)
Street, W.N., Kim, Y.: A streaming ensemble algorithm SEA for large- scale classification. In: Proceeding of 7th ACM SIGKDD, pp. 377–382 (2001)
Zliobaite, I., Bifet, A., Pfahringer, B., Holmes, G.: Active Learning with drifting streaming data. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 25(1), 27–39 (2014)
LMinku, L., Yao, X.: DDD: A new ensemble approach for dealing with drifts. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 24(4), 619–633 (2012)
LMinku, L., White, A.P., Yao, X.: The impact of diversity on online ensemble learning in the presence concept of drift. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 22(5), 730–742 (2010)
Pratama, M., Anavatti, S., Lughofer, E.: GENFIS: towards an effective localist network. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. (on line and in press) (2013)
Liang, N.-Y., Huang, G.-B., Saratchandran, P., Sundararajan, N.: A fast and accurate on-line sequential learning algorithm for feedforward networks. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 17(6), 1411–1423 (2006)
Demsar, J.: Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple datasets. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 7, 1–30 (2006)
Lughofer, E., Angelov, P.: Handling drifts and shifts in on-line data streams with evolving fuzzy systems. Appl. Soft Comput. 11(2), 2057–2068 (2011)
Lughofer, E.: On-line active learning with enhanced reliability concepts. In: Proceedings of the IEEE EAIS (Evolving and Adaptive Intelligent Systems) Conference, Madrid (2012)
Lee, C.C.: Fuzzy logic in control systems: Fuzzy logic controller. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. pt. I, II 20, 404–436 (1990)
Angelov, P., Lughofer, E., Zhou, X.: Evolving fuzzy classifiers using different model architectures. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 159(23), 3160–3182 (2008)
Acknowledgments
The first author acknowledges the Latrobe university start-up grant and the UNSW publication fellowship. The second author also acknowledges support by the Austrian COMET-K2 programme of the Linz Center of Mechatronics (LCM), which is funded by the Austrian federal government and the federal state of Upper Austria. This publication reflects only the authors’ views.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pratama, M., Lughofer, E., Lim, C.P. et al. pClass+: A Novel Evolving Semi-Supervised Classifier. Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. 19, 863–880 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-016-0236-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-016-0236-3