Skip to main content
Log in

Hybrid silane-treated glass fabric/epoxy composites: tensile properties by micromechanical approach

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Iranian Polymer Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of interface modification on the interfacial adhesion and tensile properties of glass fabric/epoxy composites was evaluated in two directions of 0° and +45°. Herein, the glass fabric surface was modified by colloidal nanosilica particles and by a new blend of silane-coupling agents including both reactive and non-reactive silanes. Composite samples with high strength and toughness were obtained. A simultaneous improvement of tensile strength and toughness was observed for an epoxy composite reinforced with a hybrid-sized glass fabric including silane mixture and nanosilica. In fact, the incorporation of colloidal silica into the hybrid sizing dramatically modified the fiber surface texture and created mechanical interlocking between the glass fabric and resin. The results were analyzed by the rule of mixtures (ROM), Halpin–Tsai (H–T), and Chamis equations. It was found that the ROM equations provided approximate upper bound values for all investigated composite samples. In the samples containing nanosilica, the shear and elastic moduli values calculated by the Chamis and ROM equations showed good agreement with those obtained from experiments. However, in other samples, the values calculated by the H–T equation showed a better agreement with the experimental data. The analysis of fracture surfaces indicated that both silane and nanosilica particles had influence on the mode of failures at the interface.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adloo A, Sadeghi M, Masoomi M, Pazhooh HN (2016) High performance polymeric bipolar plate based on polypropylene/graphite/graphene/nano-carbon black composites for PEM fuel cells. Renew Energy 99:867–874

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nunna S, Naebe M, Hameed N, Fox BL, Creighton C (2017) Evolution of radial heterogeneity in polyacrylonitrile fibres during thermal stabilization: an overview. Polym Degrad Stab 136:20–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pazhooh HN, Bagheri R, Adloo A (2017) Fabrication of semi-conductive natural rubber nanocomposites with low copper nanoparticle contents. Polymer 108:135–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shokrieh MM, Kashani ARS, Mosalmani R (2016) A dynamic constitutive-micromechanical model to predict the strain rate-dependent mechanical behavior of carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanocomposites. Iran Polym J 25:487–501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Safi S, Zadhoush A, Masoomi M (2016) Effects of chemical surface pretreatment on tensile properties of a single glass fiber and the glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Polym Compos 37:91–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Daryadel S, Ray C, Pandya T, Mantena P (2015) Energy absorption of pultruded hybrid glass/graphite epoxy composites under high strain-rate SHPBcompression loading. Mater Sci Appl 6:511–518

    Google Scholar 

  7. Garg M, Sharma S, Mehta R (2017) Role of curing conditions and silanization of glass fibers on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced glass fiber epoxy composites. Compos Interface 24:233–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Moallemzadeh AR, Sabet AR, Abedini H (2017) Mechanical and morphological study of polymer composite plates having different fiber surface treatments with particular response to high velocity projectile impact. Iran Polym J 26:229–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim HH, Kim SY, Kim DH, Oh CY, Jo NJ (2014) Effect of silane coupling agent on the flexural property of glass fiber reinforced composite film. J Mater Sci Chem Eng 2:38–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ahmad T, Raza SS, Aleem E, Kamran M, Manzoor U, Makhdoom A, Ahmad R, Mukhtar S (2017) Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester-based hybrid composites. Iran Polym J 26:305–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gao A, Gu Y, Wu Q, Yuan C, Li M, Zhang Z (2015) Influence of processing temperature on interfacial behavior of HKT800 carbon fiber with BMI and epoxy matrices. Chin J Aeronaut 28:1255–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim JK, Mai YW (2006) Engineered interfaces in fibre reinforced composites: surface treatment of fibers and effects on composite properties, 1st edn, Chap 5. Elsevier, Kidlington

  13. Debeli DK, Guo J, Li Z, Zhu J, Li N (2017) Treatment of ramie fiber with different techniques: the influence of diammonium phosphate on interfacial adhesion properties of ramie fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composite. Iran Polym J 26:341–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gao X, Jensen RE, McKnight SH, Gillespie JW Jr (2011) Effect of colloidal silica on the strength and energy absorption of glass fiber/epoxy interphases. Compos A 42:1738–1747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Islam MK, Sharif A (2016) Nanocharacterization of interface between natural fiber and polymer matrix: an overview. Compos Interface 23:105–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Moosburger-Will J, Jäger J, Strauch J, Bauer M, Strobl S, Linscheid FF, Horn S (2016) Interphase formation and fiber matrix adhesion in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin: influence of carbon fiber surface chemistry. Compos Interface 24:691–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Xia X, Liu W, Zhou L, Hua Z, Liu H, He S (2016) Modification of flax fiber surface and its compatibilization in polylactic acid/flax composites. Iran Polym J 25:25–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bagheri MR, Vanini SAS, Kordani N, Sadighi M (2015) The effect of nanoparticles in single-lap composite joints studied by experimental and numerical analyses. Iran Polym J24:629–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kuzmin KL, Timoshkin IA, Gutnikov SI, Zhukovskaya ES, Lipatov YV, Lazoryak BI (2017) Effect of silane/nano-silica on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Compos Interface 24:13–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sever K, Sarikanat M, Seki Y, Tavman IH (2009) Concentration effect of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane on the mechanical properties of glass fiber-epoxy composites. Polym Compos 30:1251–1257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang L, Thomason JL (2013) Effect of silane coupling agent on mechanical performance of glass fibre. J Mater Sci 48:1947–1954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dey M, Deitzel JM, Gillespie JW, Schweiger S (2014) Influence of sizing formulations on glass/epoxy interphase properties. Compos Part A 63:59–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gao X, Jensen RE, Li W, Deitzel J, Mcknight SH, Gillespie JW Jr (2008) Effect of fiber surface texture created from silane blends on the strength and energy absorption of the glass fiber/epoxy interphase. J Compos Mater 42:513–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jensen RE, McKnight SH (2006) Inorganic–organic fiber sizings for enhanced energy absorption in glass fiber-reinforced composites intended for structural applications. Compos Sci Technol 66:509–521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Duan J, Kim C, Jiang P, Wang G (2010) Nano-AlN functionalization by silane modification for the preparation of covalent-integrated epoxy/poly(ether imide) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 115:2734–2746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee CY, Bae JH, Kim TY, Chang SH, Kim SY (2015) Using silane-functionalized graphene oxides for enhancing the interfacial bonding strength of carbon/epoxy composites. Compos A 75:11–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yang P, Wang G, Xia X, Takezawa Y, Wang H, Yamada S, Du Q, Zhong W (2008) Preparation and thermo-mechanical properties of heat-resistant epoxy/silica hybrid materials. Polym Eng Sci 48:1214–1221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Safi S, Zadhoush A, Ahmadi M (2017) Flexural and Charpy impact behaviour of epoxy/glass fabric treated by nano-SiO2 and silane blend. Plast Rubber Compos 46:314–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Paiva JMF, Santos ADN, Rezende MC (2009) Mechanical and morphological characterizations of carbon fiber fabric reinforced epoxy composites used in aeronautical field. Mater Res 12:367–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gay D (2015) Composite materials: design and applications, Third Edition, Chapter 3. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  31. Younes R, Hallal A, Chehade FH, Fardoun F (2012) Comparative review study on elastic properties modeling for unidirectional composite materials. In: Hu N (ed) Composites and their properties. Intech, Open Access Publisher

  32. Mallick PK (2008) Fiber reinforced composites: materials, manufacturing, and design, Chapter 3. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  33. Abdel Ghafaar M, Mazen AA, El-Mahallawy NA (2006) Application of the rule of mixtures and Halpin–Tsai equations to woven fabric reinforced epoxy composites. J Eng Sci 34:227–236

    Google Scholar 

  34. Reilly SP, Thomason JL (2010) Effects of silane coating on the properties of glass fibre and glass fibre reinforced epoxy resin. In: Paper presented at the 14th European conference on composite materials, Budapest

  35. Defense UDO (1999) Composite materials handbook-MIL 17: guidelines for characterization of structural materials. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  36. Naebe M, Abolhasani MM, Khayyam H, Amini A, Fox B (2016) Crack damage in polymers and composites: a review. Polym Rev 56:31–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee SO, Choi SH, Kwon SH, Rhee KY, Park SJ (2015) Modification of surface functionality of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on fracture toughness of basalt fiber-reinforced composites. Compos Part B 79:47–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yu B, Geng C, Zhou M, Bai H, Fu Q, He B (2016) Impact toughness of polypropylene/glass fiber composites: interplay between intrinsic toughening and extrinsic toughening. Compos B 92:413–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ahmadi M, Zahibi O, Masoomi M, Naebe M (2016) Synergistic effect of MWCNTs functionalization on interfacial and mechanical properties of multi-scale UHMWPE fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 134:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Karger-Kocsis J, Mahmood H, Pegoretti A (2015) Recent advances in fiber/matrix interphase engineering for polymer composites. Prog Mater Sci 73:1–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Esmizadeh E, Yousefi AA, Naderi G (2015) Effect of type and aspect ratio of different carbon nanotubes on cure behavior of epoxy-based nanocomposites. Iran Polym J 24:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Barikani M, Saidpour H, Sezen M (2002) Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness in unidirectional carbon-fibre/epoxy composites. Iran Polym J 11:413–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ghorabi S, Rajabi L, Madaeni SS, Zinadini S, Derakhshan AA (2012) Effects of three surfactant types of anionic, cationic and non-ionic on tensile properties and fracture surface morphology of epoxy/MWCNT nanocomposites. Iran Polym J 21:121–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Shokrieh MM, Esmkhani M, Vahedi F, Shahverdi HR (2013) Improvement of mechanical and electrical properties of epoxy resin with carbon nanofibers. Iran Polym J 22:721–727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Razavi Nouri M, Morshedian J (1995) Tensile and flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced cementitious composites. Iran J Polym SciTechnol 4:56–63

    Google Scholar 

  46. Najafi M, Khalili SMR, Eslami-Farsani R (2014) Hybridization effect of basalt and carbon fibers on impact and flexural properties of phenolic composites. Iran Polym J 23:767–773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sawpan MA, Pickering KL, Fernyhough A (2011) Improvement of mechanical performance of industrial hemp fibre reinforced polylactide biocomposites. Compos A 42:310–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Zadhoush.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Safi, S., Zadhoush, A., Ahmadi, M. et al. Hybrid silane-treated glass fabric/epoxy composites: tensile properties by micromechanical approach. Iran Polym J 27, 1–11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-017-0578-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-017-0578-1

Keywords

Navigation