Abstract
Identification of toxicants that underlie neurological diseases is a neglected area awaiting a valid strategy to identify such toxicants. We sought biomarkers that respond to known neurotoxicants in LUHMES immortalized neurons and evaluated these biomarkers for use in screening libraries of environmental toxicants. LUHMES immortalized human dopaminergic neurons were surveyed by RNA sequencing following challenge with parkinsonian toxicants rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, MPP+, and ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate; Zn2+DDC2), as well as additional toxicants paraquat, MS275, and methylmercury. The metallothionein gene MT1G was the most dynamic gene expression response to all seven toxicants. Multiple toxicants also increased transcripts for SLC30A1 and SLC30A2 zinc secretion transporters, the SLC7A11 xCT cystine/glutamate antiporter important for glutathione synthesis, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), and secreted growth factors FIBIN and CXCL12, whereas several toxicants decreased expression of the apelin growth factor (APLN). These biomarker genes revealed stress responses to many toxicants at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Since several of these biomarker genes and prior neurological disease studies implicated disruption of metal distribution, we tested metal chelator thiram (dimethyldithiocarbamate, DDC), ziram, and several other metals and metal chelates for cytotoxicity and induction of MT1G expression. Metals and chelators that caused dynamic increases in MT1G expression also caused cytotoxicity, except Ni2+DDC2 induced MT1G at 5 μM, but lacked cytotoxicity up to 100 μM. These results bolster prior work suggesting that neurons are characteristically sensitive to depletion of glutathione or to disruption of cellular metal distribution and provide biomarkers to search for such neurotoxicants in chemical libraries.
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Data Availability
RNA-Seq data are deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus. Accession # GSE150005.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core at NHLBI, NIH for supporting RNA library preparation and sequencing. We also thank the Compound Management group at NCATS for expert support in screening compounds.
Funding
This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, including the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, the intramural research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and the National Toxicology Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
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Tong, ZB., Braisted, J., Chu, PH. et al. The MT1G Gene in LUHMES Neurons Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 38, 967–978 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00272-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00272-3