Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Political and Ethical Challenge of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article critically examines current responses to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and argues that bioethics needs to be willing to engage in a more radical critique of the problem than is currently offered. In particular, we need to focus not simply on market-driven models of innovation and anti-microbial solutions to emergent and re-emergent infections such as TB. The global community also needs to address poverty and the structural factors that entrench inequalities—thus moving beyond the orthodox medical/public health frame of reference.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abubakar, I., M. Zignol, D. Falzon, et al. 2013. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: Time for visionary political leadership. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 13(6): 529–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J.P., and F. Jotterand. 2006. Bioethics as biopolitics. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31(3): 205–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, H.W., G.H. Talbot, J.S. Bradley, et al. 2009. Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48(1): 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breitstein, J., and M. Spigelman. 2013. The role of product development partnerships in advancing the development of drugs for unmet needs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 93(6): 468–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burki, T. 2014. Improving the health of the tuberculosis drug pipeline. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14(2): 102–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. TB elimination: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB). Atlanta: National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CS237891A. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/drtb/xdrtb.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2014.

  • Daniels, M., and A.B.. Hill. 1952. Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults. British Medical Journal 1(4769): 1162.

  • Danzon, P.M., and S. Nicholson. 2012. Introduction. In The Oxford handbook of the economics of the biopharmaceutical industry, edited by P.M. Danzon and S. Nicholson, 1–19. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, A. 2010. The future of bioethics: Three dogmas and a cup of hemlock. Bioethics 24(5): 218–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denholm, J., J. Amon, R. O’Brien, et al. 2014. Attitudes towards involuntary incarceration for tuberculosis: A survey of Union members. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 18(2): 155–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dheda, K., T. Gumbo, N.R. Gandhi, et al. 2014. Global control of tuberculosis: From extensively drug-resistant to untreatable tuberculosis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2(4): 321–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekins, S., and A.J. Williams. 2014. Curing TB with open science. Tuberculosis 94(2): 183–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, P. 2003. Pathologies of power: Health, human rights, and the new war on the poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, P., and N. Gastneau Campos. 2004. New malaise: Bioethics and human rights in the global era. The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 32(2): 243–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, A. 1945. Penicillin—Nobel lecture. In Nobel lectures, physiology or medicine 1942–1962. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

  • Garattini, S., and I. Chalmers. 2009. Patients and the public deserve big changes in evaluation of drugs. British Medical Journal 338(7698): 804–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gathii, J.T. 2005. Third world perspectives on global pharmaceutical access. In Ethics and the pharmaceutical industry, edited by M.A. Santoro and T.M. Gorrie, 336–351. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grosset, J.H., T.G. Singer, and W.R. Bishai. 2012. New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis: Hope and reality. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 16(8): 1005–1014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamad, B. 2010. The antibiotics market. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9(9): 675–676.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, I. 2010. Extreme condition, extreme measures? Compliance, drug resistance, and the control of tuberculosis. Anthropology and Medicine 17(2): 201–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J., H. Cox, and N. Ford. 2012. Sanatoria for drug-resistant tuberculosis: An outdated response. The Lancet 379(9832): 2148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iseman, M. 2007. Extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Charles Darwin would understand. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45(11): 1415–1416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavjee, S., and P.E. Farmer. 2012. Tuberculosis, drug resistance, and the history of modern medicine. The New England Journal of Medicine 367(10): 931–936.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kesselheim, A.S., and K. Outterson. 2010. Fighting antibiotic resistance: Marrying new financial incentives to meeting public health goals. Health Affairs 29(9): 1689–1696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livermore, D.M., M. Blaser, O. Carrs, et al. 2011. Discovery research: The scientific challenge of finding new antibiotics. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66(9): 1941–1944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Z., C. Lienhardt, H. McIlleron, A.J. Nunn, and X. Wang. 2010. Global tuberculosis drug development pipeline: The need and the reality. The Lancet 375(9731): 2100–2109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign. 2012. Test me, treat me: A drug-resistant TB manifesto. www.msfaccess.org/TBmanifesto/. Accessed June 12, 2014.

  • Mills, C. 2010. Continental philosophy and bioethics. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 7(2): 145–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, R. 2013. First novel anti-tuberculosis drug in 40 years. Nature Biotechnology 31(2): 89–91.

  • Outterson, K., J.B. Samora, and K. Keller-Cuda. 2007. Will longer antimicrobial patents improve global public health? The Lancet Infectious Diseases 7(8): 559–566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, M., A. Hollis, and T. Pogge. 2010. A critique in need of critique. Public Health Ethics 3(2): 178–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piddock, L.J.V. 2012. The crisis of no new antibiotics—what is the way forward? The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12(3): 249–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piketty, T. 2014. Capital in the twenty-first century. Translated by A. Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Pogge, T. 2005. Human rights and global health: A research program. Metaphilosophy 36(1–2): 182–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pogge, T. 2007. Montreal statement on the human right to essential medicines. Cambridge Quarterly on Healthcare Ethics 16(1): 97–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pogge, T. 2012. The health impact fund: Enhancing justice and efficiency in global health. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 13(4): 537–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pooran, A., E. Pieterson, M. Davids, G. Theron, and K. Dheda. 2013. What is the cost of diagnosis and management of drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa? PloS One 8(1): e54587. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054587.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raviglione, M. 2006. XDR-TB: Entering the post-antibiotic era? The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 10(11): 1185–1187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravvin, M. 2008. Incentivizing access and innovation for essential medicines: A survey of the problem and proposed solutions. Public Health Ethics 1(2): 11–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selgelid, M.J. 2008. Ethics, tuberculosis and globalization. Public Health Ethics 1(1): 10–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shlaes, D.M., D. Sahm, C. Opiela, and B. Spellberg. 2013. The FDA reboot of antibiotic development. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57(10): 4605–4607.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • So, A.D., Q. Ruiz-Esparza, N. Gupta, and O. Cars. 2012. 3Rs for innovating novel antibiotics: Sharing resources, risks, and rewards. British Medical Journal 344: e1782. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonderholm, J. 2010. Ethical issues surrounding intellectual property rights. Philosophy Compass 5(12): 1107–1115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stop TB Partnership. 2014. The global plan to stop TB. www.stoptb.org/globalplan/. Accessed June 1, 2014.

  • Theuretzbacher, U. 2012. Accelerating resistance, inadequate antibacterial drug pipelines and international responses. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 39(4): 295–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trouiller, P., P. Olliaro, E. Torreele, J. Orbinski, R. Laing, and N. Ford. 2002. Drug development for neglected diseases: A deficient market and a public-health policy failure. The Lancet 359(9324): 2188–2194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upshur, R., J. Singh, and N. Ford. 2009. Apocalypse or redemption: Responding to extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87(6): 481–483.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis, R.S. 2013. Sustainable tuberculosis drug development. Clinical Infectious Disease 56(1): 106–113.

  • Williams, O.D. 2012. Access to medicines, market failure and market intervention: A tale of two regimes. Global Public Health 7(Suppl 2): S127–S143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization and Stop TB Partnership. 2006. The stop TB strategy: Building on and enhancing DOTS to meet the TB-related millennium development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/HTM/STB/2006.37.

  • World Health Organization. 2012. Global tuberculosis report 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/HTM/TB/2012.6.

  • Wraight, S. 2012. The future of TB treatment: Trial shows potential for a new TB drug. Future Microbiology 7(9): 1033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zumla, A.I., S.H. Gillespie, M. Hoelscher, et al. 2014. New antituberculosis drugs, regimens, and adjunct therapies: Needs, advances, and future prospects. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14(4): 327–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Statement of Competing Interests and Funding

No competing interests to declare. This research was funded in part by the NHMRC CRE for TB Control [CRE1043225]. Funding agencies had no role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, or the writing of the article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chris Degeling.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Degeling, C., Mayes, C., Lipworth, W. et al. The Political and Ethical Challenge of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Bioethical Inquiry 12, 107–113 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-014-9595-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-014-9595-3

Keywords

Navigation