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Tempering Reactions and Elemental Redistribution During Tempering of Martensitic Stainless Steels

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Abstract

Tempering reactions in the martensite phase of Fe-13Cr-0.47C (mass pct) stainless steel and its Si- and Mn-added modifications were studied by correlative dilatometry and magnetic measurements. Tempering for 5 minutes was performed at sequentially higher temperatures up to 923 K (650 °C). Classical tempering reactions including the segregation of C atoms at defects, precipitation of M3C and Cr-rich carbides, and austenite decomposition were clearly identified. The formation of M3C carbides was partially and entirely suppressed by Mn and Si additions, respectively. Compared to low-alloy steels, the decomposition of retained austenite in stainless steels was delayed to temperatures above 823 K (550 °C). The latter occurred concurrently with the formation of Cr-rich carbides in the martensite. In addition, non-classical tempering reactions such as the partial dissolution of C clusters at temperatures above 573 K (300 °C) and the short-range diffusion of substitutional elements including Cr and Mn to C clusters and M3C carbides in the temperature range of 673 K to 823 K (400 °C to 550 °C) were identified based on the associated increase in the magnetization.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) [Grant Number MO 2580/1-2]. The authors thank Professor D. Raabe from Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH for his comments on the manuscript and enabling access to APT.

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Author notes

  1. Bruno C. De Cooman deceased on August 29, 2018.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger St. 34, 09599, Freiberg, Germany

    Qiuliang Huang, Olena Volkova & Javad Mola

  2. Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-St. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Mengji Yao

  3. Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia

    Ilana Timokhina

  4. Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Straße 5, 09599, Freiberg, Germany

    Christian Schimpf

  5. Institute of Materials Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Straße 5, 09599, Freiberg, Germany

    Horst Biermann

  6. Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea

    Bruno C. De Cooman

  7. Material Design and Structural Integrity Lab, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Albrecht St. 30, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany

    Javad Mola

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  1. Qiuliang Huang
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Manuscript submitted December 24, 2018.

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Huang, Q., Yao, M., Timokhina, I. et al. Tempering Reactions and Elemental Redistribution During Tempering of Martensitic Stainless Steels. Metall Mater Trans A 50, 3663–3673 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05272-3

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