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Finding line of action of the force exerted on erect spine based on lateral bending test in personalization of scoliotic spine models

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Abstract

In multi-body models of scoliotic spine, personalization of mechanical properties of joints significantly improves reconstruction of the spine shape. In personalization methods based on lateral bending test, simulation of bending positions is an essential step. To simulate, a force is exerted on the spine model in the erect position. The line of action of the force affects the moment of the force about the joints and thus, if not correctly identified, causes over/underestimation of mechanical properties. Therefore, we aimed to identify the line of action, which has got little attention in previous studies. An in-depth analysis was performed on the scoliotic spine movement from the erect to four spine positions in the frontal plane by using pre-operative X-rays of 18 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. To study the movement, the spine curvature was considered as a 2D chain of micro-scale motion segments (MMSs) comprising rigid links and 1-degree-of-freedom (DOF) rotary joints. It was found that two MMSs representing the inflection points of the erect spine had almost no rotation (0.0028° ± 0.0021°) in the movement. The small rotation can be justified by weak moment of the force about these MMSs due to very small moment arm. Therefore, in the frontal plane, the line of action of the force to simulate the left/right bending position was defined as the line that passes through these MMSs in the left/right bending position. Through personalization of a 3D spine model for our patients, we demonstrated that our line of action could result in good estimates of the spine shape in the bending positions and other positions not included in the personalization, supporting our proposed line of action.

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Notes

  1. The amplitude is measured on the X-rays. It is ‘the angle between the line drawn through the mid points of T1 and L5 and the normal to the line drawn through the superior tips of the left and right iliac crests’ [26].

  2. The example is based on the measurements done on the X-rays of a scoliotic patient included in this study. The measurements and their accuracy and reliability are explained in Sect. 2.2.

  3. These centres were considered because the mechanisms of the joints are generally attached to the vertebrae at these points in the frontal plane [2, 11].

  4. The erect position is considered as the reference position of the spine in scoliotic spine models [3, 16, 26].

  5. 144 MMSs = 1 MMS × 2 regions × 4 positions × 18 patients.

  6. 504 vertebrae = 14 vertebrae excluding L4 × 2 positions × 18 patients.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Block EA, #02-17, Singapore, 117576, Singapore

    Athena Jalalian, Francis Eng Hock Tay & Soheil Arastehfar

  2. School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

    Ian Gibson

  3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Gabriel Liu

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  1. Athena Jalalian
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  2. Francis Eng Hock Tay
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  3. Soheil Arastehfar
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  4. Ian Gibson
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Correspondence to Athena Jalalian.

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Jalalian, A., Tay, F.E., Arastehfar, S. et al. Finding line of action of the force exerted on erect spine based on lateral bending test in personalization of scoliotic spine models. Med Biol Eng Comput 55, 673–684 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-016-1550-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-016-1550-5

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