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Seasonal characteristics of tropical marine boundary layer air measured at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory

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Abstract

Observations of the tropical atmosphere are fundamental to the understanding of global changes in air quality, atmospheric oxidation capacity and climate, yet the tropics are under-populated with long-term measurements. The first three years (October 2006–September 2009) of meteorological, trace gas and particulate data from the global WMO/Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory Humberto Duarte Fonseca (CVAO; 16° 51′ N, 24° 52′ W) are presented, along with a characterisation of the origin and pathways of air masses arriving at the station using the NAME dispersion model and simulations of dust deposition using the COSMO-MUSCAT dust model. The observations show a strong influence from Saharan dust in winter with a maximum in super-micron aerosol and particulate iron and aluminium. The dust model results match the magnitude and daily variations of dust events, but in the region of the CVAO underestimate the measured aerosol optical thickness (AOT) because of contributions from other aerosol. The NAME model also captured the dust events, giving confidence in its ability to correctly identify air mass origins and pathways in this region. Dissolution experiments on collected dust samples showed a strong correlation between soluble Fe and Al and measured solubilities were lower at high atmospheric dust concentrations. Fine mode aerosol at the CVAO contains a significant fraction of non-sea salt components including dicarboxylic acids, methanesulfonic acid and aliphatic amines, all believed to be of oceanic origin. A marine influence is also apparent in the year-round presence of iodine and bromine monoxide (IO and BrO), with IO suggested to be confined mainly to the surface few hundred metres but BrO well mixed in the boundary layer. Enhanced CO2 and CH4 and depleted oxygen concentrations are markers for air-sea exchange over the nearby northwest African coastal upwelling area. Long-range transport results in generally higher levels of O3 and anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in air originating from North America. Ozone/CO ratios were highest (up to 0.42) in relatively fresh European air masses. In air heavily influenced by Saharan dust the O3/CO ratio was as low as 0.13, possibly indicating O3 uptake to dust. Nitrogen oxides (NOx and NOy) show generally higher concentrations in winter when air mass origins are predominantly from Africa. High photochemical activity at the site is shown by maximum spring/summer concentrations of OH and HO2 of 9 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 6 × 108 molecule cm−3, respectively. After the primary photolysis source, the most important controls on the HOx budget in this region are IO and BrO chemistry, the abundance of HCHO, and uptake of HOx to aerosol.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the scientists involved in measurements at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) and during the RHaMBLe campaign in 2007 and the SOS campaigns in 2009. We would like to thank NOAA for the ESRL radiosonde data from the island of Sal. We would like to thank R. Leppert, R. Schwalbe and T. Seifert (MPI-BGC) for technical support for the greenhouse gas measurement equipment. We would like to acknowledge Pete Edwards and Andy Goddard from the University of Leeds for their technical support throughout the campaign and the UK Meteorological Office for the use of the Unified Meteorological data and the NAME model. We acknowledge funding from the NERC SOLAS program, the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) through FGAM (Facility for Ground based Atmospheric Measurements), the EU specific Support Action TENATSO, and the SOPRAN project of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Author information

Author notes

  1. E. A. Kozlova

    Present address: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK

  2. A. Mahajan

    Present address: Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y el Clima (CIAC), Toledo, Spain

  3. H. Oetjen

    Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

  4. M. J. Evans

    Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    L. J. Carpenter, K. A. Read, J. D. Lee, S. J. Moller, J. R. Hopkins, R. M. Purvis & A. C. Lewis

  2. National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    Z. L. Fleming

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    P. S. Monks & A. Karunaharan

  4. Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V., Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany

    K. Müller, B. Heinold, H. Herrmann, K. Wadinga Fomba, D. van Pinxteren, C. Müller, I. Tegen, A. Wiedensohler, T. Müller & N. Niedermeier

  5. School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK

    E. P. Achterberg & M. D. Patey

  6. Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany

    E. A. Kozlova & M. Heimann

  7. School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    D. E. Heard, J. M. C. Plane, A. Mahajan, H. Oetjen, D. Stone, M. J. Pilling & S. Vaughan

  8. National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    T. Ingham & L. K. Whalley

  9. Institute for Climate & Atmospheric Science, School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    D. Stone, M. J. Evans & S. R. Arnold

  10. Earth Observation Science, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    R. J. Leigh

  11. Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    J. Tschritter, D. Pöhler, U. Frieß & R. Holla

  12. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica (INMG), Mindelo, Sao Vicente, Cape Verde

    L. M. Mendes, H. Lopez & B. Faria

  13. The Met Office, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, UK

    A. J. Manning

  14. Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR) Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    D. W. R. Wallace

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Correspondence to L. J. Carpenter.

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Carpenter, L.J., Fleming, Z.L., Read, K.A. et al. Seasonal characteristics of tropical marine boundary layer air measured at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory. J Atmos Chem 67, 87–140 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-011-9206-1

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