Abstract
In the present work, the concept of mechanically activated annealing (MAA) has been applied to produce nanocrystalline Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with reduced contamination levels. Phase evolution during conventional mechanical alloying (MA), MAA and subsequent consolidation by spark plasma sintering (SPS) have been studied in detail. Complete alloying is obtained after 15 h of MA, while milling time of 5 h and annealing at 1100 °C for 1 h have been used to achieve alloy formation during MAA. Both the MA–SPS and MAA–SPS routes have shown major FCC phase. The contamination of WC observed during MA was successfully eliminated during MAA, while the volume fraction of Cr7C3 reduced from 20% during MA–SPS to 10% after MAA–SPS. This method can serve as an effective way to produce nanostructured HEAs with minimum contamination.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Murty BS, Yeh JW, Ranganathan S, Bhattacharjee PP (2019) High-entropy alloys, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Miracle DB, Senkov ON (2017) A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Mater 122:448–511
Wang WR, Wang WL, Yeh JW (2014) Phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at elevated temperatures. J Alloys Compd 589:143–152
Chou HP, Chang YS, Chen SK, Yeh JW (2009) Microstructure, thermophysical and electrical properties in AlxCoCrFeNi (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) high-entropy alloys. Mater Sci Eng B 163:184–189
Joseph J, Jarvis T, Wu X, Stanford N, Hodgson P, Fabijanic DM (2015) Comparative study of the microstructures and mechanical properties of direct laser fabricated and arc-melted AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 633:184–193
Butler TM, Weaver ML (2016) Oxidation behavior of arc melted AlCoCrFeNi multi-component high-entropy alloys. J Alloys Compd 674:229–244
Kumar N, Fusco M, Komarasamy M, Mishra RS, Bourham M, Murty KL (2017) Understanding effect of 3.5 wt% NaCl on the corrosion of Al0.1CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. J Nucl Mater 495:154–163
Wang Y, Yang Y, Yang H, Zhang M, Ma S, Qiao J (2017) Microstructure and wear properties of nitrided AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. Mater Chem Phys 210:233–239
Praveen S, Basu J, Kashyap S, Kottada RS (2016) Exceptional resistance to grain growth in nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy at high homologous temperatures. J Alloys Compd 662:361–367
Mohanty S, Maity TN, Mukhopadhyay S, Sarkar S, Gurao NP, Bhowmick S, Biswas K (2017) Powder metallurgical processing of equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy: microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 679:299–313
Vaidya M, Prasad A, Parakh A, Murty BS (2017) Influence of sequence of elemental addition on phase evolution in nanocrystalline AlCoCrFeNi: novel approach to alloy synthesis using mechanical alloying. Mater Des 126:37–46
Murty BS, Ranganathan S (1998) Novel materials synthesis by mechanical alloying/milling. Int Mater Rev 43:101–141
Cheng H, Chen W, Liu X, Tang Q, Xie Y, Dai P (2018) Effect of Ti and C additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the FeCoCrNiMn high-entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 719:192–198
Pohan RM, Gwalani B, Lee J, Alam T, Hwang JY, Ryu HJ, Banerjee R, Hong SH (2017) Microstructures and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed and spark plasma sintered Al0.3CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy. Mater Chem Phys 210:62–70
Fang S, Chen W, Fu Z (2014) Microstructure and mechanical properties of twinned Al0.5CrFeNiCo0.3C0.2 high entropy alloy processed by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Mater Des (1980–2015) 54:973–979
Joo SH, Kato H, Jang MJ, Moon J, Kim EB, Hong SJ, Kim HS (2017) Structure and properties of ultrafine-grained CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys produced by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. J Alloys Compd 698:591–604
Karati A, Murty BS (2017) Synthesis of nanocrystalline half-Heusler TiNiSn by mechanically activated annealing. Mater Lett 205:114–117
Gaffet E, Abdellaoui M, Malhouroux-Gaffet N (1995) Formation of nanostructural materials induced by mechanical processings (overview). Mater Trans, JIM 36:198–209
Prasad H, Singh S, Panigrahi BB (2017) Mechanical activated synthesis of alumina dispersed FeNiCoCrAlMn high entropy alloy. J Alloys Compd 692:720–726
Varalakshmi S, Kamaraj M, Murty BS (2008) Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline AlFeTiCrZnCu high entropy solid solution by mechanical alloying. J Alloys Compd 460:253–257
Cullity BD, Stock SR (2001) Elements of X-ray diffraction, 3rd edn. Prentice-Hall, New York
Shatynski SR (1979) The thermochemistry of transition metal carbides. Oxid Met 13:105–118
Vaidya M, Karati A, Marshal A, Pradeep KG, Murty BS (2019) Phase evolution and stability of nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys. J Alloys Compd 770:1004–1015
Vasanthakumar K, Bakshi SR (2018) Effect of C/Ti ratio on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of TiCx prepared by reactive spark plasma sintering. Ceram Int 44:484–494
Young DJ (2016) High temperature oxidation and corrosion of metals, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Lee BJ (1992) On the stability of carbides. Calphad 16:121–149
Chawake N, Koundinya NTBN, Kashyap S, Srivastav AK, Yadav D, Mondal RA, Kottada RS (2016) Formation of amorphous alumina during sintering of nanocrystalline B2 aluminides. Mater Charact 119:186–194
Acknowledgements
DF would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Australian government via the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science Australia–India Strategic Research Fund project AISRF53731.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
John, R., Karati, A., Garlapati, M.M. et al. Influence of mechanically activated annealing on phase evolution in Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. J Mater Sci 54, 14588–14598 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03917-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03917-7