Abstract
This work evaluates the effect of co-existence of a large volume fraction of δ-ferrite on the hot deformation and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of austenite using comparative hot torsion tests on AISI 304 austenitic and 2205 duplex stainless steels. The comparison was performed under similar deformation conditions (i.e. temperature and strain rate) and also under similar Zener-Hollomon, Z, values. The torsion data were combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis to study the microstructure development. The results imply a considerable difference between DRX mechanisms, austenite grain sizes and also DRX kinetics of two steels. Whereas austenitic stainless steel shows the start of DRX at very low strains and then development of that microstructure based on the necklace structure, the DRX phenomena in the austenite phase of duplex structure does not proceed to a very high fraction. Also, the DRX kinetics in the austenitic steel are much higher than the austenite phase of the duplex steel. The results suggest that at a similar deformation condition the DRX grain size of austenitic steel is almost three times larger than the DRX grains of austenite phase in duplex steel. Similarly, the ratio of DRX grain size in the austenitic to the duplex structure at the same Z values is about 1.5.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belyakov A, Miura H, Sakai T (1998) Mater Sci Eng A 255:139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00784-9
Dehghan-Manshadi A, Beladi H, Barnett MR, Hodgson PD (2004) Mater Forum 467–470:1163
Ryan ND, McQueen HJ (1990) Can Metall Quart 29:147
Salvatori I, Inoue T, Nagai K (2002) ISIJ Int 42:744. doi:https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.744
Sakai T (1995) J Mater Process Technol 53:349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)01992-N
Sellars CM (1979) In: Sellars CM, Davies CHJ (eds) Hot working and forming process. The Metal Society, London
Sakai T, Miura H (1996) In: McQueen HJ, Konopleva EV, Ryan ND (eds) Hot workability of steels and light alloys-composites. The Metallurgical Society of CIM, Montreal
Hodgson PD, Gloss RE, Dunlop GL (1990) In: Kassner ME (ed) 32nd mechanical working and steel processing. Iss-AIME, Warrendale
Karjalainen LP, Maccagno TM, Jonas JJ (1995) ISIJ Int 35:1523. doi:https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.35.1523
Dehghan-Manshadi A, Barnett MR, Hodgson PD (2008) Mater Sci Eng A 458:664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.026
Ponge D, Gottstein G (1998) Acta Mater 46:69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00233-4
Sah JP, Richardson CJ, Sellars CM (1974) Metal Sci 8:325
Hornbogen E, Koster U (1980) In: Hansen N, Jones AR, Leffers T (eds) Recrystallization and grain growth of multi-phase and particle containing materials. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde
Maki T, Furuhara T, Tsuzaki K (2001) ISIJ Int 41:571. doi:https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.571
Belyakov A, Kimura Y, Tsuzaki K (2006) Acta Mater 54:2521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.01.035
Tsuzaki K, Xiaoxu H, Maki T (1996) Acta Mater 44:4491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(96)00080-8
Dehghan-Manshadi A, Barnett MR, Hodgson PD (2007) Mater Sci Technol 23:1478. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/174328407X239019
Iza-Mendia A, Pinol-Juez A, Urcola JJ, Gutierrez I (1998) Metall Mater Trans A 29:2975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-998-0205-z
Barteri M, Mecozzi MG (1994) In: Gooch TG (ed) Duplex stainless steel. Abington Publishing, Glasgow
Weiss H, Skinner DH, Everett JR (1973) J Phys E 6:709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/6/8/012
Dehghan-Manshadi A (2007) The evolution of recrystallization during and following hot deformation. PhD Thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Higginson RL, Sellars CM (2003) Worked examples in quantitive metallography. Maney Publishing, London
Belyakov A, Kimura Y, Tsuzaki K (2005) Mater Sci Eng A 403:249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.057
Cizek P, Safek V, Cerny V (1989) Hutnicke Listy 43:99
Gao F, Xu Y, Xia K (2000) Metall Mater Trans A 31:21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0048-8
Konopleva EV, Sauerborn M, McQueen HJ, Ryan ND, Zaripova RG (1997) Mater Sci Eng A 234–236:826. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00337-7
Evangelista E, McQueen HJ, Niewczas M, Cabibbo M (2004) Can Metall Quart 43:339
Dehghan-Manshadi A, Barnett MR, Hodgson PD (2008) Metall Mater Trans A 31:1359. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9512-7
Humphreys FJ, Hatherly M (1996) Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena. Pergamon, Oxford
Gourdet S, Montheillet F (2003) Acta Mater 51:2658. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00078-8
Sakai T, Jonas JJ (1984) Acta Metall 32:189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(84)90049-X
Belyakov A, Tsuzaki K, Miura H, Sakai T (2003) Acta Mater 51:847. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00476-7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dehghan-Manshadi, A., Hodgson, P.D. Effect of δ-ferrite co-existence on hot deformation and recrystallization of austenite. J Mater Sci 43, 6272–6277 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2907-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2907-4