Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of verification artifacts in WR-03 waveguides. The waveguide verification artifacts include a cross-guide and a custom-made circular iris section. The investigation involves the transmission loss uncertainty analysis of the verification artifacts for vector network analyzer (VNA) waveguide systems operating at millimeter wavelengths. The measurement errors due to the dimensional tolerances and the flange misalignment are predicted by using a commercially available electromagnetic software package. The data analysis is carried out for complex-valued scattering parameters (S-parameters). The uncertainty due to different error sources is computed according to the Law of Propagation of Uncertainty. The real and imaginary data along with the associated uncertainties are converted to magnitude and phase representation via linear propagation of uncertainties. The experimental results are also compared with simulated results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Hiebel. Fundamentals of Vector Network Analysis, 3rd edition, Chap. 1, Rohde and Schwarz GmbH and Co. German (2008).
D. Adamson, N. M. Ridler, and J. Howes. Recent and Future Developments in millimeter and Sub-millimeter Wavelength Measurement Standards at NPL, 5th ESA Workshop on millimeter Wave Technology and Applications & 31st ESA Antenna Workshop, 463-467, Netherlands (2009).
N.M. Ridler, R. G. Clarke, M. J. Salter, and A. Wilson. Traceability to national standards for S-parameter measurements in waveguide at frequencies from 140 GHz to 220 GHz, Proc. 76th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference 1-7, Clearwater Beach, FL (2010).
T. Schrader, K. Kuhlmann, R. Dickhoff, J. Dittmer, and M. Hiebel. Verification of scattering parameter measurements in waveguides up to 325 GHz including highly-reflective devices, Advances in Radio Science, 9, 917 (2011).
N. M. Ridler and M. J. Salter. Cross-connected waveguide lines as standards for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave vector network analyzers 81st ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference (ARFTG),1-7, Seattle, Washington, USA (2013).
N. M. Ridler, R. Clarke, M. J. Salter, and A. Wilson. The Trace Is on Measurements: Developing Traceability for S-Parameter Measurements at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths, IEEE Microwave Magazine, 14,67–74 (2013).
H. Huang, N. M. Ridler, and M. J. Salter. Using electromagnetic modeling to evaluate uncertainty in a millimeter-wave cross-guide verification standard 83rd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference (ARFTG) 1-5, Tampa, Florida, USA (2014).
M. J. Salter and N. M. Ridler. Use of reduced aperture waveguide as a calculable standard for the verification of millimeter-wave vector network analyzers, Proc. 44th European Microwave Conference 750-753, Rome, Italy (2014).
N. Shoaib, K. Kuhlmann, and R. Judaschke. Investigation of verification artefacts in rectangular waveguides up to 325 GHz, 1st URSI Atlantic Radio Science Conference (URSI AT-RASC), Gran Canaria, Spain (2015).
IEEE Standard 1785.1-2012. IEEE P1785: IEEE Standard for Rectangular Metallic waveguides and Their Interfaces for Frequencies of 110 GHz and Above - Part 1: Frequency Bands and Waveguide Dimensions(2012).
Standard 1785.2-2014 IEEE. IEEE P1785.2: Draft Standard for Rectangular Metallic waveguides and Their Interfaces for Frequencies of 110 GHz and Above, IEEE standards draft (2015).
MIL-DTL-3922/67D.
John R. Taylor. An, Introduction to Error Analysis The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements.2nd edition, 209-914, Sausalito, CA: University Science Books (1982).
BIPM. IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP and OIML, JCGM 100:2008, evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2008) [Online]. Available: http: //www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/gum.html.
CST-Computer Simulation Technology. (2014) Information available at: http://www. cst.com.
MATLAB - The Language of Technical Computing. (2011) Information available at: http://www.mathworks.com.
N. Ridler. Choosing line lengths for calibrating waveguide vector network analyzers at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths, NPL Report TQE 5, 121 (2009).
Acknowledgements
This work has been funded through the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) Project SIB62 Metrology for New Electrical Measurement Quantities in High-frequency Circuits. The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shoaib, N., Kuhlmann, K., Judaschke, R. et al. Investigation of Verification Artifacts in WR-03 Waveguides. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves 36, 1089–1100 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-015-0193-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-015-0193-1