Abstract
Snakes introduced to islands can be devastating to naïve native fauna. However, introduced populations must establish before range expansion (invasion) can occur. The factors that can determine successful invasion are those associated with the introduction event (e.g., characteristics of the founding population), the location (e.g., suitable environment and prey availability) and the species (e.g. life history characteristics). Here, we collected morphometric, ecological and genetic data on the recently introduced California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) in Gran Canaria. We found that snakes occurring at two locations a few 10 s of km apart do not represent the same population. Genetic analyses confirmed significant genetic difference (F ST = 0.184; D est = 0.341), and that despite being inbred (F is = 0.245–0.257) the populations had high levels of diversity (H o = 0.485–0.490; allelic richness = 4.875–6.364). Snakes at the different Gran Canaria locations were significantly different in morphology (colouration, mass, length and age), fitness (egg production) and diet (rodents, skinks, lizards and geckos), supporting a hypothesis of separate founding groups in combination with local environmental heterogeneity leading to variation between these populations. We concluded that one population was more successful than the other in reproduction and recruitment, and may be having a greater impact on endemic reptiles. We recommend greater eradication effort for this population, as well as monitoring of local fauna at all locations to access the impact of predation.
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Acknowledgments
All snakes were collected by personnel working for the European Project LIFE10 NAT/ES/000565 LAMPROPELTIS under EU Commission approval (http://www.lifelampropeltis.es/). We thank José Miguel Sánchez, Alejandro Ramírez, Jorge Fernando Saavedra, Francisco Alarcón, Airam Eiroa, Juan Sánchez, Aitor Ojeda, Francisco Vera, Natanael Martín, Purificación Ventura, Antonio Alemán, Antonia Mª Lorenzo, José Luis Peña, Ivan Socorro, Ivan Sánchez, Anibal Peña, Alejandro Falcón y Yeray Bolaños, Rafael Riera, José Bergadá, Jim Pethe, Carlos Canella. We are grateful to Nieves González and Pablo Manent for laboratory facilities. We gratefully acknowledge the La Solana y San Roque (Telde-Valsequillo) habitants. LFLJ conceived and designed the study, and contributed laboratory facilities. Access to samples and project data, and funding were obtained by RG, MACP and MAP (European Project LIFE10NAT/ES/000565 Lampropeltis). CPM collected and processed the morphological and ecological data. CMA collected and analysed the genetic data, while FC designed, executed and interpreted the statistical analyses for the morphological, ecological and climate data, and both wrote the methods and results. PLML interpreted the results and wrote the paper, with contributions from all authors.
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Monzón-Argüello, C., Patiño-Martínez, C., Christiansen, F. et al. Snakes on an island: independent introductions have different potentials for invasion. Conserv Genet 16, 1225–1241 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0734-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0734-0