Abstract
This article contributes to the current debate regarding management education and research. It frames the current business school critique as a paradox regarding the arguments for ‘self-interest’ versus ‘altruism’ as human motives. Based on this, a typology of management with four representative types labeled: unguided, altruistic, egoistic, and righteous is developed. It is proposed that the path to the future of management education and research might be found by relegitimizing the ‘altruistic’ spirit of the classics of the great Axial Age (900-200 BCE) and marrying those ideas with the self-interest ideal of mainstream management theories based on economics. By advocating this, a business school agenda that is simultaneously rigorous, relevant, and righteous is promoted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AACSB.: 2007a, Eligibility Procedures and Accreditation Standards for Business Accreditation. Tampa, Florida: AACSB
AACSB.: 2007b, Report of the AACSB International Impact of Research Task Force. Tampa, Florida: AACSB
Armstrong K.: 2006, The Great Transformation. London: Atlantic Books
Ashkanasy N. M.: 2006, Arguments for a More Grounded Approach to Management Education, Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5(2), 207–208
Astley W. G., Van de Ven A. H.: 1983, Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory, Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 245–273
Axelrod R.: 1984, The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books
Barney J.: 1991, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120
Bartlett C. A.: 1986, Building and Managing the Transnational: The New Organizational Challenge, In M. E. Porter (Ed.), Competition in Global Industries. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Bartlett C. A., Ghoshal S.: 1989, Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Bennis W. G., O’Toole J.: 2005, How Business Schools Lost their Way, Harvard Business Review, 83(5), 96–104
Berger P. L., Luckmann T.: 1966, The Social Construction of Reality. New York, Garden City: Doubleday
Birkinshaw J., Gibson C.: 2004, Building Ambidexterity into an Organization, Sloan Management Review, 45(4), 47–55
Blood M. R.: 2006, Only You can Create Actionable Knowledge, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 209–212
Bouchikhi H.: 1998, Living With and Building on Complexity: A Constructivist Perspective on Organizations, Organization, 5(2), 217–232
Boyer E. L.: 1990, Scholarship Reconsidered. Princeton, New Jersey: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Brunsson N.: 1985, The Irrational Organization. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget
Brunsson N.: 1989, The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
Burke L. A., Sadler-Smith E.: 2006, Instructor Intuition in the Educational Setting, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 169–181
Cameron K.: 2006, Good or Not Bad: Standards and Ethics in Managing Change, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 317–323
Child J.: 1972, Organization Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice, Sociology, 6(1), 1–22
Clegg S. R., Ross-Smith A.: 2003, Revising the Boundaries: Management Education and Learning in a Postpositivist World, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2(1), 85–98
Coutu D.: 2006, Ideas as Art, Harvard Business Review, 84(10), 82–89
De Wit B., Meyer R.: 2004, Strategy: Process, Content, Context (3rd ed.). London: Thomson Learning
Eisenhardt K. M.: 2000, Paradox, Spirals, Ambivalence: The New Language of Change and Pluralism, Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 703–705
Eisenhardt K. M., Martin J. A.: 2000, Dynamic Capabilities: What are They? Strategic Management Journal, 21, 1105–1121
Ferraro F., Pfeffer J., Sutton R. I.: 2005, Economic Language and Assumptions: How Theories can Become Self-Fulfilling, Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 8–24
Flyvbjerg B.: 2001, Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How it Can Succeed Again. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Flyvbjerg B.: 2006, Making Organization Research Matter: Power, Values and Phronesis, in S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence, W. R. Nord (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies, (2nd Edition, pp. 370–387). Sage, Thousand Oaks, California
Freeman R. E., Reed D. L.: 1983, Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance, California Management Review, 25(3): 88–106
Friedland R., Alford R. R.: 1991, Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, Institutional Contradictions, in W. W. Powell, P. J. DiMaggio (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Ghoshal S.: 2005, Bad Management Theories are Destroying Good Management Practices, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 75–91
Ghoshal, S., C. A. Bartlett and P. Moran: 1999, ‘A New Manifesto for Management’, Sloan Management Review 40(3), 9–20
Ghoshal S., Moran P.: 1996, Bad for Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory, Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 13–47
Giacalone R., Thompson K.: 2006, Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Education: Shifting the Worldview, Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5(3), 266–277
Gibson C. B., Birkinshaw J.: 2004, The Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Role of Organizational Ambidexterity, Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 209–226
Hannan M. T., Freeman J.: 1977, The Population Ecology of Organizations, American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929–964
Hauser M.: 2006, Moral Minds: How Nature Designed our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong. HarperCollins, New York
Hrebiniak L. G., Joyce W. F.: 1985, Organizational Adaptation: Strategic Choice and Environmental Determinism, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 336–349
Jaspers K.: 1953, The Origin and Goal of History. Routledge, London
Julian S. D., Ofori-Dankwa J. C.: 2006, Is Accreditation Good for the Strategic Decision Making of Traditional Business Schools? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 225–233
Kahneman D., Tversky A.: 1973, On the Psychology of Prediction, Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251
Kanter R. M.: 2005, What Theories do Audiences Want? Exploring the Demand Side, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(1), 93–95
Lewis M. W.: 2000, Exploring Paradox: Toward a More Comprehensive Guide, Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 760–776
March J. G.: 1991, Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning, Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87
McCoy B.: 1983, The Parable of the Sadhu, Harvard Business Review, 61(5), 103–108
Mintzberg H.: 2004, Managers, Not MBAs. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow
Morgan G.: 1997, Images of Organization, 2nd edition. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
Navarro P.: 2006, The Hidden Potential of “Managerial Macroeconomics” for CEO Decision Making in MBA Programs, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 213–224
O’Reilly C. A., Tushman M. L.: 2004, The Ambidextrous Organization, Harvard Business Review, 82(4), 74–81
Organ D. W., Ryan K.: 1995, A Meta-Analytical Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 775–802
Penrose E.: 1959, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pettigrew, A.: 2007, Symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (Philadelphia)
Pfeffer J.: 2005, Why Do Bad Management Theories Persist? A Comment on Ghoshal, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(1), 96–100
Pfeffer J., Fong C. T.: 2002, The End of Business Schools? Less Success than Meets the Eye, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 1(1), 78–95
Pfeffer J., Fong C. T.: 2004, The Business School ‘Business’: Some Lessons from the US Experience, Journal of Management Studies, 41(8), 1501–1520
Pfeffer J., Salancik G. R.: 1978, The External Control of Organizations. Harper & Row, New York
Poole M. S., Van de Ven A. H.: 1989, Using Paradox to Build Management and Organization Theories, Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 562–578
Porter M. E.: 1980, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The Free Press, New York
Porter M. E.: 1985, Competitive Advantage. The Free Press, New York
Prahalad C. K., Doz Y. L.: 1987, The Multinational Mission. The Free Press, New York
Religious Tolerance: 2006, Versions of the Golden Rule in 21 World Religions, B. A. Robinson, Viewed 3 November 2006, http://www.religioustolerance.org/reciproc.htm
Rocha H. O., Ghoshal S.: 2006, Beyond Self-Interest Revisited, Journal of Management Studies, 43(3), 585–619
Samuelson J.: 2006, The New Rigor: Beyond the Right Answer, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 356–365
Sen A.: 1987, On Ethics and Economics. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA
Sen A.: 2006, Identity and Violence. Norton, New York
Sesardic N.: 1997, Altruism, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 50(3), 457–466
Smith, A.: 1759/1790/2006, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Dover Publications, Mineola, NY)
Smith, A.: 1776/2003, The Wealth of Nations (Bantam Dell, New York)
Sober E., Wilson D. S.: 1998, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Starkey K., Madan P.: 2001, Bridging the Relevance Gap: Aligning Stakeholders in the Future of Management Research, British Journal of Management, 12, S3–S26
Stroh, P. and W. W. Miller: 1994, ‘Learning to Thrive on Paradox’, Training & Development, 28–39
Strong J.: 1980, Strong’s Concordance of the Bible, IV Vols. Pickering & Inglis, London
Teece D. J., Pisano G., Shuen A.: 1997, Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533
Temkin O., Temkin C.: 1968, Ancient Medicine: Selected Papers of Ludwig Edelstein. The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore
Tranfield D.: 2002, Formulating the Nature of Management Research, European Management Journal, 20, 378–382
Tranfield D., Starkey K.: 1998, The Nature, Social Organization and Promotion of Management Research: Towards Policy, British Journal of Management, 9, 341–353
Van Aken J. E.: 2004, Management Research Based on the Paradigm of the Design Sciences: The Quest for Field-Tested and Grounded Technological Rules, Journal of Management Studies, 41, 219–246
Wernerfelt B.: 1984, A Resource-Based View of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171–180
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Ben Arbaugh, Neal Ashkanasy, Anita Beal, Mats Lingblad, Hsiao Rueylin, Siri Terjesen, Scott Valentine, Charles Wankel, and two anonymous reviewers for insightful and helpful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. All remaining faults are solely the responsibility of the authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Birnik, A., Billsberry, J. Reorienting the Business School Agenda: The Case for Relevance, Rigor, and Righteousness. J Bus Ethics 82, 985–999 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9607-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9607-x