Abstract
The ability to assess the proneness of rocks to bursting prior to the development of an underground excavation is critical in order to optimise the design in regards to safety and economics. Six key factors have previously been identified that are known to contribute to rockbursting. They include stress, excavation geometry, excavation rate, mineralogical properties, contrasting geomechanical properties and geological intensifiers. The first three factors relate to in situ and induced stresses, and the last three to intrinsic rock properties. This paper focuses on evaluating the impact of those intrinsic properties on bursting behaviour by using geomechanical test data from previously published 35 case studies and their observed failure modes. The results provide quantitative criteria and a valuable guide to identify rock masses that may be prone to bursting, and thus would benefit from a stress analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barton N, Lien R, Lunde J (1974) Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mech 6:189–236
Broch E, Sorheim S (1984) Experiences from the planning, construction and supporting of a road tunnel subjected to heavy rockbursting. Rock Mech Rock Eng 17:15–35
Brook N (1993) The measurement and estimation of basic rock strength In Hudson, J (Ed. –in- chief): Comprehensive Rock Engineering, Principle Practice, and Projects, vol. 3: Rock Testing and Site Characterization, Oxford Pergamon, pp 41-81
Brown ET (2008) Estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses. Proc. SHIRMS 2008, pp.3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(74)91558-7
Cai M (2010) Practical estimates of tensile strength and Hoek–Brown strength parameter mi of brittle rocks. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43:167–184
Cai M, Kaiser PK (2018) Rockburst support reference book. Vol. 1: Rockburst phenomena and support characteristics: MIRARCO, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, 2018. ISBN: 978-0-88667-096-2
Cook NGW (1963) The basic mechanics of rockbursts. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 64(3), pp.71-81.
Cook NGW, Hodgson K (1965) Some detailed stress-strain curves for rock. J Geophys Res 70:2883–2888
Diederichs MS (2003) Manuel Rocha Medal Recipient Rock fracture and collapse under low confinement conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 36:339–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-003-0015-y
Diederichs MS (2007) The 2003 Canadian geotechnical colloquium: mechanistic interpretation and practical application of damage and spalling prediction criteria for deep tunnelling. Can Geotech J 44:1082–1116. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-033
Diederichs MS, Kaiser PK, Eberhardt E (2004) Damage initiation and propagation in hard rock during tunnelling and the influence of near-face stress rotation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:785–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.02.003
Fei W, Huiyuan B, Jun Y, Yonghao Z (2016) Correlation of dynamic and static elastic parameters of rock. Electron J Geotech Eng 21:1551–1560
Fjaer E (2018) Relations between static and dynamic moduli of sedimentary rocks. Geophys Prospect 67:128–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12711
He BG, Zelig R, Hatzor YH, Feng XT (2016) Rockburst generation in discontinuous rock masses. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0906-8
Hedley, D. G. F., Ontario Mining Association., & Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. (1992). Rockburst handbook for Ontario hardrock mines. Ottawa, Ont: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology.
Hoek E (1994) Strength of rock and rock masses. ISRM News Journal, 2(2), pp. 4- 16.
Hoek E, Brown ET (1980) Underground excavations in rock. Underground Excavations in Rock, London, Institute Mining and Metallurgy. CRC Press.
Hoek E and Brown ET (1988). The Hoek-Brown failure criterion - a 1988 update. Proc. 15th Canadian Rock Mech. Symp. (ed. J.C. Curran), 31-38. Toronto, Dept. Civil Engineering, University of Toronto.
Hoek E, Brown ET (2018) The Hoek–Brown failure criterion and GSI–2018 edition. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11(3),pp.445-463.
Hoek E, Kaiser PK, Bawden W (1995) Support of underground excavatıons in hard rock. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Hoek E, Carranza-Torres C, Corkum B (2002) Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion— 2002 Edition. Proceedings of the 5th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Toronto, 7-10 July 2002, pp. 267-273.
Hucka V, Das B (1974) Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts. 11, pp.389-392.
Jaeger JC (1967) Failure of rocks under tensile conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 4:219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(67)90046-0
Kaiser PK, MacCreath DR, Tannant DD (1996) Canadian rockburst support handbook: prepared for sponsors of the Canadian rockburst research program 1990-1995. Geomechanics Research Centre
Keneti A, Sainsbury BL (2018) Review of published rockburst events and their contributing factors. Eng Geol 246:361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.10.005
Lee M, Penney A, Sainsbury BL (2018) Proneness of competent over-stressed intact rock to violent fracturing, in AusRock 2018 : Fourth Australasian Ground Control In Mining Conference, Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, Vic., pp. 170-184.
Linkov AM (1996) Rockbursts and the instability of rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts, 33, 7, pp. 727-732.
Malkowski P, Ostrowski L (2017) The Methodology for the Young Modulus Derivation for Rocks and Its Value. Procedia Engineering, 191, pp.134-141.
Martin CD, Young RP, Collins DS (1995) Monitoring progressive failure around a tunnel in massive granite. In: 8th ISRM Congress. International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
Martin CD, Tannant DD, Yazici S, and Kaiser PK. (1999). Stress path and instability around mine openings. 9th ISRM Congress on Rock Mechanics, Paris, Balkema, pp. 311-315.
Olsen C, Christensen HF, Fabricius IL (2008) Static and dynamic Young’s moduli of chalk from the North Sea. Geophysics 73:E41–E50. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2821819
Ortlepp WD (1992) The design of support for the containment of rockburst damage in tunnels-an engineering approach. In: Rock support in mining and underground construction. pp 593–609
Ortlepp WD, Stacey TR (1994) Rockburst mechanisms in tunnels and shafts. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 9(1), pp.59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(94)90010-8
Salamon MDG (1984) Energy considerations in rock mechanics: fundamental results. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 84 (8), pp. 233–246.
Sari M (2010) A simple approximation to estimate the Hoek-Brown parameter ‘mi’ for intact rocks. Rock Mechanics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, pp. 169–172.
Tarasov B, Potvin Y (2013) Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 59:57–69
Walsh JB (1965) The effect of cracks on the uniaxial elastic compression of rocks. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 70:399–411. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-815600
Wawersik WR, Fairhurst CH (1970) A study of brittle rock fracture in laboratory compression experiments. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 7, 5, pp.561-575.
Winkler K, Nur A, Gladwin M (1979) Friction and seismic attenuation in rocks. Nature 277:528–531. https://doi.org/10.1038/277528a0
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sainsbury, BA., Kurucuk, N. Impact of intact rock properties on proneness to rockbursting. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79, 1939–1946 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01670-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01670-4