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Lab-on-paper micro- and nano-analytical devices: Fabrication, modification, detection and emerging applications

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Abstract

Paper-based chips (PB-chips; also referred to as lab-on-paper chips) are using patterned paper as a substrate in a lab-on-a-chip platform. They represent an outstanding technique for fabrication of analytical devices for multiplex analyte assays. Typical features include low-cost, portability, disposability and small sample consumption. This review (with 211 refs.) gives a comprehensive and critical insight into current trends in terms of materials and techniques for use in fabrication, modification and detection. Following an introduction into the principles of PB-chips, we discuss features of using paper in lab-on-a-chip devices and the proper choice of paper. We then discuss the versatile methods known for fabrication of PB-chips (ranging from photolithography, plasma treatment, inkjet etching, plotting, to printing including flexographic printing). The modification of PB-chips with micro- and nano-materials possessing superior optical or electronic properties is then reviewed, and the final section covers detection techniques (such as colorimetry, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence and chemiluminescence) along with specific (bio)analytical examples. A conclusion and outlook section discusses the challenges and future prospectives in this field.

This review gives comprehensive and critical insights into the development of materials and techniques for lab-on-paper chips. Its focus is on materials and methods for fabrication, modification and detection.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with grant Nos. 21305133, 21575071 and 21307120), Qingdao Innovation Leading Expert Program, Qingdao Basic & Applied Research project (15-9-1-100-jch) and Open Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry (SKLEAC201601).

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  1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Yuanhong Xu, Mengli Liu, Na Kong & Jingquan Liu

  2. Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, The Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Yuanhong Xu, Mengli Liu, Na Kong & Jingquan Liu

  3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Yuanhong Xu, Mengli Liu, Na Kong & Jingquan Liu

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  1. Yuanhong Xu
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Yuanhong Xu and Mengli Liu contributed equally to this work.

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Xu, Y., Liu, M., Kong, N. et al. Lab-on-paper micro- and nano-analytical devices: Fabrication, modification, detection and emerging applications. Microchim Acta 183, 1521–1542 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-1841-4

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