Ad libitum drinking adequately supports hydration during 2 h of running in different ambient temperatures

Hoffman, Martin D.; Snipe, Rhiannon M. J.; Costa, Ricardo J. S.

doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3996-7

Ad libitum drinking adequately supports hydration during 2 h of running in different ambient temperatures

Original Article
Published: 28 September 2018

Volume 118, pages 2687–2697, (2018)
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European Journal of Applied Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Martin D. Hoffman^1,2,3,
Rhiannon M. J. Snipe⁴^nAff5 &
Ricardo J. S. Costa⁴

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Abstract

Purpose

To examine if ad libitum drinking will adequately support hydration during exertional heat stress.

Methods

Ten endurance-trained runners ran for 2 h at 60% of maximum oxygen uptake under different conditions. Participants drank water ad libitum during separate trials at mean ambient temperatures of 22 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C. Participants also completed three trials at a mean ambient temperature of 35 °C while drinking water ad libitum in all trials, and with consumption of programmed glucose or whey protein hydrolysate solutions to maintain euhydration in two of these trials. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, rectal temperature, perceived effort, and thermal sensation were monitored, and nude body mass, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma osmolality were measured before and after exercise. Water and mass balance equations were used to calculate hydration-related variables.

Results

Participants adjusted their ad libitum water intake so that the same decrease in body mass (1.1–1.2 kg) and same decrease in body water (0.8–0.9 kg) were observed across the range of ambient temperatures which yielded significant differences (p < .001) in sweat loss. Overall, water intake and total water gain replaced 57% and 66% of the water loss, respectively. The loss in body mass and body water associated with ad libitum drinking resulted in no alteration in physiological and psychophysiological variables compared with the condition when hydration was nearly fully maintained (0.3 L body water deficit) relative to pre-exercise status from programmed drinking.

Conclusions

Ad libitum drinking is an appropriate strategy for supporting hydration during running for 2 h duration under hot conditions.

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Hydration

Considerations in the Use of Body Mass Change to Estimate Change in Hydration Status During a 161-Kilometer Ultramarathon Running Competition

Article 11 September 2017

Martin D. Hoffman, Eric D. B. Goulet & Ronald J. Maughan

The Interrelationship of Research in the Laboratory and the Field to Assess Hydration Status and Determine Mechanisms Involved in Water Regulation During Physical Activity

Article Open access 03 May 2014

Nina S. Stachenfeld

Abbreviations

P_a :: Ambient water vapor pressure
\(\dot {V}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) :: Carbon dioxide production
Δbody mass:: Change in body mass
Δbody water:: Change in body water
gases_in—gases_out :: Change in mass due to gas exchange
FODMAP:: Low-fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyol
Solids_out :: Mass of solids lost
Solids_in :: Mass of solids taken in
\(\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}\) :: Maximum oxygen uptake
\(\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}\) :: Oxygen uptake
\({\dot {m}_e}\) :: Rate of evaporative water loss in expired air
RPE:: Rating of perceived exertion
W _gain :: Total water gain
W _loss :: Total water lost
W _food :: Water consumed in food
W _drink :: Water consumed in drink
W _met :: Water generated from fuel oxidation
W _feces :: Water lost in feces
W _skin :: Water lost in sweat
W _urine :: Water lost in urine
W _resp :: Water lost through respiration
WBGT:: Wet bulb globe temperature

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the participants that volunteered to take part in this study, and the Monash University Sports Dietetic Research Team and collaborators who supported various aspects of data and sample collection and analysis. We also thank Dr. Eric Goulet for critical review of an early draft of our manuscript. The study was supported by Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty Strategic Grant Scheme, SGS15-0128. This material is also the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the VA Northern California Health Care System. The contents reported here do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.

Funding

The study was supported by Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty Strategic Grant Scheme, SGS15-0128. This material is also the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the VA Northern California Health Care System.

Author information

Rhiannon M. J. Snipe
Present address: Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Sacramento, CA, 95655-1200, USA
Martin D. Hoffman
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
Martin D. Hoffman
Ultra Sports Science Foundation, El Dorado Hills, USA
Martin D. Hoffman
Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Rhiannon M. J. Snipe & Ricardo J. S. Costa

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Martin D. Hoffman
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Contributions

RJSC and RMJS conceived and designed the original studies, and conducted the experiments from which the paper evolved. MDH conceptualized the present analysis, analyzed the data for this paper, and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the revision of the initial manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Martin D. Hoffman.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Communicated by Narihiko Kondo.

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Hoffman, M.D., Snipe, R.M.J. & Costa, R.J.S. Ad libitum drinking adequately supports hydration during 2 h of running in different ambient temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol 118, 2687–2697 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3996-7

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