Abstract
Purpose
Light-load blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) may provide a novel training method to limit the effects of age-related muscle atrophy in older adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the haemodynamic response to resistance and aerobic BFRE between young adults (YA; n = 11; 22 ± 1 years) and older adults (OA; n = 13; 69 ± 1 years).
Method
On two occasions, participants completed BFRE or control exercise (CON). One occasion was leg press (LP; 20 % 1-RM) and the other was treadmill walking (TM; 4 km h−1). Haemodynamic responses (HR, \(\dot{Q}\), SV and BP) were recorded during baseline and exercise.
Result
At baseline, YA and OA were different for some haemodynamic parameters (e.g. BP, SV). The relative responses to BFRE were similar between YA and OA. Blood pressures increased more with BFRE, and also for LP over TM. \(\dot{Q}\) increased similarly for BFRE and CON (in both LP and TM), but with elevated HR and reduced SV (TM only).
Conclusion
While BFR conferred slightly greater haemodynamic stress than CON, this was lower for walking than leg-press exercise. Given similar response magnitudes between YA and OA, these data support aerobic exercise being a more appropriate BFRE for prescription in older adults that may contribute to limiting the effects of age-related muscle atrophy.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BFRE:
-
Blood flow restriction exercise
- HLRE:
-
Heavy load resistance exercise
- LLRE:
-
Light load resistance exercise
- YA:
-
Young adults
- OA:
-
Older adults
- BFR:
-
Blood flow restriction exercise bout
- CON:
-
Control exercise bout
- LP:
-
Leg-press trial
- TM:
-
Treadmill walking trial
- LOP:
-
Limb occlusion pressure
- 1-RM:
-
One repetition maximum
- BP:
-
Blood pressure
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- APHRmax :
-
Age-predicted maximum heart rate
- \(\dot{Q}\) :
-
Cardiac output
- SV:
-
Stroke volume
- MAP:
-
Mean arterial pressure
- sBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- dBP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- TPR:
-
Total peripheral resistance
- DP:
-
Double product
- RPE:
-
Rating of perceived exertion
- RPP:
-
Rating of perceived pain
References
Abe T, Yasuda T, Midorikawa T, Sato Y, Kearns CF, Inoue K, Koizumi K, Ishii N (2005) Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after 2 weeks of twice daily “KAATSU” resistance training. Int J KAATSU Training Res 1(1):6–12. doi:10.3806/ijktr.1.6
Abe T, Kearns CF, Sato Y (2006) Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training. J Appl Physiol 100(5):1460–1466. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01267.2005
Abe T, Fujita S, Nakajima T, Sakamaki M, Ozaki H, Ogasawara R, Sugaya M, Kudo M, Kurano M, Yasuda T, Sato Y, Ohshima H, Mukai C, Ishii N (2010) Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO2max in young men. J Sports Sci Med 9(3):452–458
Borg G (1998) Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Brandner CR, Kidgell DJ, Warmington SA (2015) Unilateral bicep curl hemodynamics: low-pressure continuous vs high-pressure intermittent blood flow restriction. Scand J Med Sci Sports. doi:10.1111/sms.12297 (in Press)
Clark BC, Manini TM, Hoffman RL, Williams PS, Guiler MK, Knutson MJ, McGlynn ML, Kushnick MR (2011) Relative safety of 4 weeks of blood flow-restricted resistance exercise in young, healthy adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21(5):653–662. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01100.x
Deschenes MR (2004) Effects of aging on muscle fibre type and size. Sports Med 34(12):809–824. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434120-00002
Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, Epstein S, Froelicher ESS, Froelicher VF, Pina IL, Pollock ML (1996) Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans—a statement for health professionals by the committee on exercise and cardiac rehabilitation of the council on clinical cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 94(4):857–862
Fontana P, Boutellier U, Toigo M (2010) Non-invasive haemodynamic assessments using Innocor during standard graded exercise tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 108(3):573–580. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1252-x
Frankel JE, Bean JF, Frontera WR (2006) Exercise in the elderly: research and clinical practice. Clin Geriatr Med 22(2):239–256. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2005.12.002
Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2007) Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 103(3):903–910. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007
Gellish RL, Goslin BR, Olson RE, McDonald A, Russi GD, Moudgil VK (2007) Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(5):822–829. doi:10.1097/mss.0b013e31803349c6
Gosselin LE, Kozlowski KF, DeVinney-Boymel L, Hambridge C (2012) Metabolic response of different high-intensity aerobic interval exercise protocols. J Strength Cond Res 26(10):2866–2871. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318241e13d
Hollander DB, Reeves GV, Clavier JD, Francois MR, Thomas C, Kraemer RR (2010) Partial occlusion during resistance exercise alters effort sense and pain. J Strength Cond Res 24(1):235–243. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7badf
Hurley BF, Roth SM (2000) Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases. Sports Med 30(4):249–268
Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R (2004) The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 52(1):80–85. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x
Karabulut M, Abe T, Sato Y, Bemben MG (2010) The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on leg muscle strength in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 108(1):147–155. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1204-5
Karabulut M, Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Anderson MA, Abe T, Bemben MG (2011) Effects of high-intensity resistance training and low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on bone markers in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(8):1659–1667. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1796-9
Karlsen T, Helgerud J, Stoylen A, Lauritsen N, Hoff J (2009) Maximal strength training restores walking mechanical efficiency in heart patients. Int J Sports Med 30(5):337–342. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1105946
Kraemer WJ, Adams K, Cafarelli E, Dudley GA, Dooly C, Feigenbaum MS, Fleck SJ, Franklin B, Fry AC, Hoffman JR, Newton RU, Potteiger J, Stone MH, Ratamess NA, Triplett-McBride T, American College of Sports M (2002) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(2):364–380
Lagally KM, Robertson RJ, Gallagher KI, Goss FL, Jakicic JM, Lephart SM, McCaw ST, Goodpaster B (2002) Perceived exertion, electromyography, and blood lactate during acute bouts of resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(3):552–559
Loenneke JP, Pujol TJ (2009) The use of occlusion training to produce muscle hypertrophy. Strength Cond J 31(3):77–84. doi:10.1519/Ssc.0b013e3181a5a352
Loenneke JP, Balapur A, Thrower AD, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ (2011) The perceptual responses to occluded exercise. Int J Sports Med 32(3):181–184. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1268472
Marcell TJ (2003) Sarcopenia: causes, consequences, and preventions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58(10):M911–M916. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.10.M911
Mayo JJ, Kravitz L (1999) A review of the acute cardiovascular responses to resistance exercise of healthy young and older adults. J Strength Cond Res 13(1):90–96
Moran D, Epstein Y, Keren G, Laor A, Sherez J, Shapiro Y (1995) Calculation of mean arterial pressure during exercise as a function of heart rate. Appl Human Sci 14(6):293–295
Nelson RR, Gobel FL, Jorgensen CR, Wang K, Wang Y, Taylor HL (1974) Hemodynamic predictors of myocardial oxygen consumption during static and dynamic exercise. Circulation 50(6):1179–1189. doi:10.1161/01.cir.50.6.1179
Ploutz-Snyder LL, Giamis EL (2001) Orientation and familiarization to 1RM strength testing in old and young women. J Strength Cond Res 15(4):519–523
Pollock ML, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Chaitman BL, Fleg JL, Fletcher B, Limacher M, Piña IL, Stein RA, Williams M, Bazzarre T (2000) Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease : benefits, rationale, safety, and prescriptionan advisory from the committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention, council on clinical cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 101(7):828–833. doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.7.828
Renzi CP, Tanaka H, Sugawara J (2010) Effects of leg blood flow restriction during walking on cardiovascular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(4):726–732. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bdb454
Rossow LM, Fahs CA, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Sherk VD, Abe T, Bemben MG (2012) Cardiovascular and perceptual responses to blood-flow-restricted resistance exercise with differing restrictive cuffs. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 32(5):331–337. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2012.01131.x
Sakamaki M, Fujita S, Sato Y, Bemben MG, Abe T (2008) Blood pressure response to slow walking combined with KAATSU in the elderly. Int J KAATSU Training Res 4(1):17–20. doi:10.3806/ijktr.4.17
Sakamaki M, Bemben MG, Abe T (2011) Legs and trunk muscle hypertrophy following walk training with restricted leg muscle blood flow. J Sports Sci Med 10(2):338–340
Sumide T, Sakuraba K, Sawaki K, Ohmura H, Tamura Y (2009) Effect of resistance exercise training combined with relatively low vascular occlusion. J Sci Med Sport 12(1):107–112. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.09.009
Takano H, Morita T, Iida H, Asada K, Kato M, Uno K, Hirose K, Matsumoto A, Takenaka K, Hirata Y, Eto F, Nagai R, Sato Y, Nakajima T (2005) Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. Eur J Appl Physiol 95(1):65–73. doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1389-1
Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Sato Y, Takebayashi S, Tanaka Y, Ishii N (2000) Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans. J Appl Physiol 88(6):2097–2106
Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA 3rd, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F (2007) Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 115(17):2358–2368. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485
Vieira PJ, Chiappa GR, Umpierre D, Stein R, Ribeiro JP (2013) Hemodynamic responses to resistance exercise with restricted blood flow in young and older men. J Strength Cond Res 27(8):2288–2294. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318278f21f
Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomee R (2006) Effects of vascular occlusion on muscular endurance in dynamic knee extension exercise at different submaximal loads. J Strength Cond Res 20(2):372–377. doi:10.1519/R-16884.1
Yasuda T, Ogasawara R, Sakamaki M, Ozaki H, Sato Y, Abe T (2011) Combined effects of low-intensity blood flow restriction training and high-intensity resistance training on muscle strength and size. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(10):2525–2533. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1873-8
Acknowledgments
This research was supported only by local funds made available by the School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by Carsten Lundby.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Staunton, C.A., May, A.K., Brandner, C.R. et al. Haemodynamics of aerobic and resistance blood flow restriction exercise in young and older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 115, 2293–2302 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3213-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3213-x