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Associations between dietary patterns, socio-demographic factors and anthropometric measurements in adult New Zealanders: an analysis of data from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey

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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate associations between dietary patterns, socio-demographic factors and anthropometric measurements in adult New Zealanders.

Methods

Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis in adults 15 years plus (n = 4657) using 24-h diet recall data from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Multivariate regression was used to investigate associations between dietary patterns and age, gender and ethnicity. After controlling for demographic factors, associations between dietary patterns and food insecurity, deprivation, education, and smoking were investigated. Associations between dietary patterns and body mass index and waist circumference were examined adjusting for demographic factors, smoking and energy intake.

Results

Two dietary patterns were identified. ‘Healthy’ was characterised by breakfast cereal, low fat milk, soy and rice milk, soup and stock, yoghurt, bananas, apples, other fruit and tea, and low intakes of pies and pastries, potato chips, white bread, takeaway foods, soft drinks, beer and wine. ‘Traditional’ was characterised by beef, starchy vegetables, green vegetables, carrots, tomatoes, savoury sauces, regular milk, cream, sugar, tea and coffee, and was low in takeaway foods. The ‘healthy’ pattern was positively associated with age, female gender, New Zealand European or other ethnicity, and a secondary school qualification, and inversely associated with smoking, food insecurity, area deprivation, BMI and waist circumference. The ‘traditional’ pattern was positively associated with age, male gender, smoking, food insecurity and inversely associated with a secondary school qualification.

Conclusions

A ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern was associated with higher socio-economic status and reduced adiposity, while the ‘traditional’ pattern was associated with lower socio-economic status.

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Acknowledgements

Insha Ullah was supported by a PhD scholarship from the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Sarah McNaughton is supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship Level 2, ID1104636 and was previously supported by an ARC Future Fellowship (2011–2015, FT100100581). The New Zealand Ministry of Health funded the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. The New Zealand Crown is the owner of the copyright for the survey data. The funder had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. The results presented in this paper are the work of the authors.

Author’s contributions

KB designed the study in conjunction with BJ and WS; IU coded the 24-h food recall data into food groupings; BJ undertook all statistical analysis; KB wrote the manuscript; SH advised on statistical analysis; SM advised on dietary pattern analysis and study design. All authors revised and approved the final version of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University Auckland, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand

    K. L. Beck

  2. Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University Auckland, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand

    B. Jones & I. Ullah

  3. Queensland University of Technology Science and Engineering Faculty, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia

    I. Ullah

  4. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia

    S. A. McNaughton

  5. Institute of Fundamental Sciences - Statistics, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand

    S. J. Haslett

  6. Statistical Consulting Unit, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia

    S. J. Haslett

  7. Food and Nutrition Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia

    W. Stonehouse

Authors
  1. K. L. Beck
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  2. B. Jones
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  3. I. Ullah
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  4. S. A. McNaughton
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  5. S. J. Haslett
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  6. W. Stonehouse
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. L. Beck.

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On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Beck, K.L., Jones, B., Ullah, I. et al. Associations between dietary patterns, socio-demographic factors and anthropometric measurements in adult New Zealanders: an analysis of data from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Eur J Nutr 57, 1421–1433 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1421-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1421-3

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