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A reconstruction of extratropical Indo-Pacific sea-level pressure patterns during the Medieval Climate Anomaly

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Abstract

Subtropical and extratropical proxy records of wind field, sea level pressure (SLP), temperature and hydrological anomalies from South Africa, Australia/New Zealand, Patagonian South America and Antarctica were used to reconstruct the Indo-Pacific extratropical southern hemisphere sea-level pressure anomaly (SLPa) fields for the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA ~700–1350 CE) and transition to the Little Ice Age (LIA 1350–1450 CE). The multivariate array of proxy data were simultaneously evaluated against global climate model output in order to identify climate state analogues that are most consistent with the majority of proxy data. The mean SLP and SLP anomaly patterns derived from these analogues illustrate the evolution of low frequency changes in the extratropics. The Indo-Pacific extratropical mean climate state was dominated by a strong tropical interaction with Antarctica emanating from: (1) the eastern Indian and south-west Pacific regions prior to 1100 CE, then, (2) the eastern Pacific evolving to the central Pacific La Niña-like pattern interacting with a +ve SAM to 1300 CE. A relatively abrupt shift to –ve SAM and the central Pacific El Niño-like pattern occurred at ~1300. A poleward (equatorward) shift in the subtropical ridge occurred during the MCA (MCA–LIA transition). The Hadley Cell expansion in the Australian and Southwest Pacific, region together with the poleward shift of the zonal westerlies is contemporaneous with previously reported Hadley Cell expansion in the North Pacific and Atlantic regions, and suggests that bipolar climate symmetry was a feature of the MCA.

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Acknowledgments

This work is a contribution to the PAGES2K Australasian regional synthesis (part of the PAGES Aus2k project). The research was part funded by a Macquarie University External Collaborative Grant with the News South Wales Office for Environment and Heritage, and the New South Wales Environmental Trust. The research forms a contribution to the Eastern Seaboard Climate Change Initiative (ESCCI). S. Phipps’ CSIRO Mk3L modeling was supported under the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Projects funding scheme (Project Number DP1092945). AML was supported in part by the NIWA core-funded project “Climate Present and Past”. The paper draws on a significant proxy climate database interpreted from Antarctic Ice Coring and we acknowledge the support of the US National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, Antarctica New Zealand and the Australian Antarctic Division. We thank the reviewers for there constructive suggestions to improve both the methodology and manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Climate Risk Group and Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

    Ian D. Goodwin & Stuart Browning

  2. National Climate Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand

    Andrew M. Lorrey

  3. Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469-5790, USA

    Paul A. Mayewski

  4. Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Steven J. Phipps

  5. Joint Antarctic Research Institute, Victoria University and GNS Science, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand

    Nancy A. N. Bertler

  6. Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89512, USA

    Ross P. Edwards

  7. Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia

    Ross P. Edwards

  8. GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Tim J. Cohen

  9. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia

    Tas van Ommen & Mark Curran

  10. Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Tas van Ommen & Mark Curran

  11. Discipline of Geography, Environment and Population, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

    Cameron Barr

  12. Natural Sciences, Paul Smith’s College, Paul Smiths, NY, 12970, USA

    J. Curt Stager

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  1. Ian D. Goodwin
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  2. Stuart Browning
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  3. Andrew M. Lorrey
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  4. Paul A. Mayewski
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  5. Steven J. Phipps
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  7. Ross P. Edwards
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  8. Tim J. Cohen
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  9. Tas van Ommen
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  10. Mark Curran
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  11. Cameron Barr
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  12. J. Curt Stager
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ian D. Goodwin.

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Goodwin, I.D., Browning, S., Lorrey, A.M. et al. A reconstruction of extratropical Indo-Pacific sea-level pressure patterns during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Clim Dyn 43, 1197–1219 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1899-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1899-1

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