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The parrotfish–coral relationship: refuting the ubiquity of a prevailing paradigm

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Abstract

It has become almost paradigmatic in the coral reef literature that fishing-induced reductions of parrotfish abundance cause benthic phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance. This study examined the alternatives of top-down control of the benthos by parrotfish density and bottom-up control of parrotfish density by the benthos at four Philippine islands in a long-term (7.5–30 years) “natural experiment”. No-take marine reserves (NTMRs) demonstrated that fishing reduced parrotfish density significantly at two islands (Sumilon, Mantigue), but not significantly at two other islands (Apo, Selinog). There was no evidence that cover of hard coral decreased, nor macroalgal cover increased, in fished areas relative to NTMRs, no evidence that parrotfish density affected hard coral cover significantly, and thus no evidence of top-down, fishing-induced benthic phase shifts at all four islands. There was, however, compelling evidence that benthos (cover of dead substrata and hard coral) exerted strong bottom-up control on parrotfish density. This bottom-up control was demonstrated most clearly by major environmental disturbances (e.g. typhoons, coral bleaching) that changed benthic habitat and, subsequently, parrotfish density. As hard coral cover declined (and cover of dead substratum increased), parrotfish density increased and vice versa. This response occurred in both major parrotfish feeding guilds (scrapers and excavators). This long-term study on heavily fished coral reefs suggests that the benthos drives the parrotfish, not the other way around. The paradigm of fishing-induced benthic phase shifts may not apply to all coral reefs at all times. Multiple drivers of benthic change on coral reefs should always be considered.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and the College of Marine and Environmental Sciences at James Cook University, and a Pew Fellowship to GR Russ and AC Alcala (1999–2002). Thanks to R. A. Abesamis, J. H. Choat, RM Bonaldo and one anonymous reviewer for very helpful comments on the manuscript.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

      Garry R. Russ, Sarah-Lee A. Questel & Justin R. Rizzari

    2. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

      Garry R. Russ, Sarah-Lee A. Questel & Justin R. Rizzari

    3. Silliman University Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, Silliman University, 6200, Dumaguete City, Philippines

      Angel C. Alcala

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    1. Garry R. Russ
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    2. Sarah-Lee A. Questel
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    Correspondence to Garry R. Russ.

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    Responsible Editor: K.D. Clements.

    Reviewed by R. Bonaldo and an undisclosed expert.

    Garry R. Russ and Sarah-Lee A. Questel have contributed equally to this work.

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    Russ, G.R., Questel, SL.A., Rizzari, J.R. et al. The parrotfish–coral relationship: refuting the ubiquity of a prevailing paradigm. Mar Biol 162, 2029–2045 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2728-3

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