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Fracture Risk in Women with Dysglycaemia: Assessing Effects of Baseline and Time-Varying Risk Factors

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Abstract

Although individuals with diabetes appear to have a higher fracture risk compared to those without diabetes, fracture risk in impaired fasting glucose (IFG) has not been thoroughly explored. This study determined associations between glycaemia status and fracture risk. Women (n = 575, aged 50 + years) enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study, were followed from baseline (1993–1997), to date of first fracture, death or December 31, 2010, whichever occurred first (median 13.7 years, IQR 7.4–14.8). Hazard ratios (HRs) for any fracture (excluding fingers, toes, skull/face), as well as major osteoporotic fracture (MOF, clinical spine, hip, proximal humerus, wrist), in diabetes (n = 69), IFG (n = 250) and normoglycaemia (n = 256), were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Normoglycaemia was set as the reference category. A Cox proportional hazards model with time-varying covariates was also used to assess change in baseline risk factors at the 10-year follow-up visit (2004–2008). During follow-up (6433 person-years), 162 women sustained any fracture and 104 had a MOF. Unadjusted fracture risk was higher in diabetes (HR 1.64; 95% CI 1.02–2.63) compared to normoglycaemia, but IFG and normoglycaemia had similar risk (HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.76–1.47). Age- and BMD-adjusted any-fracture risk in diabetes compared to normoglycaemia was greater (HR 1.59; 95% CI 0.98–2.58); IFG was similar to normoglycaemia (HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.72–1.41). For MOF, unadjusted and age- and BMD-adjusted fracture risk in IFG was similar to normoglycaemia HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.74–1.40 and HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.69–1.32, respectively, but diabetes was higher compared to normoglycaemia (unadjusted HR 1.64; 95% CI 1.04–2.60; adjusted HR 1.57; 95% CI 0.98–2.51). In the time-varying model, there was no difference between IFG in either the unadjusted or adjusted models, for both any fracture and MOF (p > 0.05). For diabetes, there was a significant difference between normoglycaemia in the adjusted model for any fracture (p = 0.046), but not for MOF (p = 0.103). An increased risk of fracture for women with diabetes was observed after accounting for time-varying risk factors. There was no difference in fracture risk detected for women with IFG.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Adrienne O’Neil for her role in obtaining the lipid levels in sera, Associate Professor Paul Lewandanski and his laboratory for performing the lipid analyses and the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare (AIHW) for death data. The Geelong Osteoporosis Study was supported by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia (Projects 251638 and 628582), the Geelong Regional Medical Foundation; however, the funding bodies played no part in either the design or conduct of the study, the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data or the preparation or review of the paper. LFFA and MAS are supported by Postgraduate Scholarships from Deakin University. KLH-K is supported by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia

    Lelia L. F. de Abreu, Kara L. Holloway-Kew, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Muhammad A. Sajjad, Mark A. Kotowicz & Julie A. Pasco

  2. Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Mark A. Kotowicz & Julie A. Pasco

  3. Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia

    Mark A. Kotowicz & Julie A. Pasco

  4. Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing (ECHA), IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Health Education and Research Building, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia

    Kara L. Holloway-Kew

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  1. Lelia L. F. de Abreu
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Correspondence to Kara L. Holloway-Kew.

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LLFA, KLH-K, MM, MAS, MAK and JAP have no other conflict of interest to declare.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This study was ethically approved by the Human Research and Ethic Committees of Barwon Health (Geelong, Australia) and performed in accordance with the criteria defined by the rules of the committee.

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de Abreu, L.L.F., Holloway-Kew, K.L., Mohebbi, M. et al. Fracture Risk in Women with Dysglycaemia: Assessing Effects of Baseline and Time-Varying Risk Factors. Calcif Tissue Int 104, 262–272 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-018-0498-x

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