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Macroparasites in Antarctic Penguins

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Book cover Biodiversity and Evolution of Parasitic Life in the Southern Ocean

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 9))

Abstract

Parasitism is a highly common mode of living in animals being parasite species very abundant. Parasites affect in a different ways the host life through subtle effects to more dramatic effects causing population crashes and then regulating host populations. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean wildlife show also parasites although the published information is very scarce. This is even in the case of the most studied group of Antarctic seabirds, the penguins. In this chapter, we analyze the published information about the presence, epidemiology, life cycles, and effects of macroparasites, helminths, and ectoparasites in Antarctic penguins. Most of the publications only give information about the presence/absence of parasites, and very few give data about epidemiology such as prevalence or intensity of parasitization. The information about intermediate host is almost absent, and parasite effects have been addressed very few times. Moreover, the information is based on few areas, and there is not any long-term data set which makes difficult a broad understanding of the impact of parasites in the ecology of penguins. Nevertheless, the little information allows extracting some conclusions. First, the diversity of parasite species is very low which can be explained by the narrow diet spectrum and the harsh conditions. Second, helminths occur at higher prevalence than ectoparasites. In general, a trend of decreased macroparasite prevalence towards more southerly locations can be identified, although the small number of studies precludes a robust conclusion. Third, general parasite effects have been reported causing tissue damage, changes in immune parameters, reduction in body mass, reduction of breeding success, and transmission of diseases, this later in the case of ticks. Finally, it is expected that climate change will affect host-parasite interaction in penguins due to changes in the parasite distribution, host exposure, or resistance, but a higher number of studies with good quality data at long term are needed to confirm the expectations and a deeper understanding of the ecological aspects of parasites such as life cycle, epidemiology, and health impacts in the penguins.

Julia I. Diaz, Daniel González-Acuña, Erli Schneider Costa, Meagan Dewar, Rachael Gray, Michelle Power, Gary Miller, Ralph Vanstreels, and Andrés Barbosa are Working Group of Health Monitoring of Birds and Marine Mammals of the SCAR.

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Acknowledgments

This work is a contribution from the Genes to Geoscience funded workshop “Microbial and Parasitic impacts on Antarctic wildlife” held in August 2015 at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, and organized by the Working Group of Health Monitoring of Birds and Marine Mammals of the SCAR Expert Group of Birds and Marine Mammals. Macquarie University and the Standing Scientific group of Life Sciences of SCAR funded the workshop. JID is partially supported by PIP 0698 CONICET and N758 UNLP. AB is supported by the PINGUCLIM and CTM2011-24427 project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. RETV is supported by CAPES through the Department of Pathology (FMVZ-USP). DGA is supported by INACH T-12-13.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), FCNyM, UNLP, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

    Julia I. Diaz

  2. Instituto Antártico Argentino (IIA), Plan Anual, Argentina

    Bruno Fusaro

  3. Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales – CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Virginia Vidal & Andrés Barbosa

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Daniel González-Acuña

  5. Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul and APECS-Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Erli Schneider Costa

  6. Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia

    Meagan Dewar

  7. Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Rachael Gray

  8. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

    Michelle Power

  9. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, Hobart, Australia

    Gary Miller

  10. Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia

    Michaela Blyton

  11. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Ralph Vanstreels

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  1. Julia I. Diaz
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  2. Bruno Fusaro
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  12. Andrés Barbosa
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Julia I. Diaz or Andrés Barbosa .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Goethe University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity Senckenberg Biodversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Sven Klimpel

  2. Goethe University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity Senckenberg Biodversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Thomas Kuhn

  3. Department of Zoomorphology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

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Diaz, J.I. et al. (2017). Macroparasites in Antarctic Penguins. In: Klimpel, S., Kuhn, T., Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Biodiversity and Evolution of Parasitic Life in the Southern Ocean. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46343-8_9

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